A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT to amend the jurisdictional and procedural provisions of the probate code and related statutes to provide uniformity in estate matters, to define the jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court consistent with the provisions of the uniform trust code, to recodify certain provisions relating to the probate of wills, and to update and amend the procedure for claiming spousal and children's allowances.
The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:
SECTION 1.  G.S. 1‑301.3 reads as rewritten:
"§ 1‑301.3.  Appeal of trust and estate matters determined by clerk.
(a)	Applicability. – This section applies to matters arising in the administration of  trusts and of estates of decedents, incompetents, and minors. G.S. 1‑301.2 applies in the conduct of a special proceeding when a special proceeding is required in a matter relating to the administration of an estate.
(b)	Clerk to Decide Estate Matters. – In matters covered by this section, the clerk shall determine all issues of fact and law. The clerk shall enter an order or judgment, as appropriate, containing findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting the order or judgment.
(c)	Appeal to Superior Court. – A party aggrieved by an order or judgment of the clerk may appeal to the superior court by filing a written notice of the appeal with the clerk within 10 days of entry of the order or  judgment after service of the order on that party. The notice of appeal shall contain a short and plain statement of the basis for the appeal. Unless otherwise provided by law, a judge of the superior court or the clerk may issue a stay of the order or judgment upon the appellant's posting an appropriate bond set by the judge or clerk issuing the stay. While the appeal is pending, the clerk retains authority to enter orders affecting the administration of the estate, subject to any order entered by a judge of the superior court limiting that authority.
(d)	Duty of Judge on Appeal. – Upon appeal, the judge of the superior court shall review the order or judgment of the clerk for the purpose of determining only the following:
(1)	Whether the findings of fact are supported by the evidence.
(2)	Whether the conclusions of law are supported by the findings of facts.
(3)	Whether the order or judgment is consistent with the conclusions of law and applicable law.
It is not necessary for a party to object to the admission or exclusion of evidence before the clerk in order to preserve the right to assign error on appeal to its admission or exclusion. If the judge finds prejudicial error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, the judge, in the judge's discretion, shall either remand the matter to the clerk for a subsequent hearing or resolve the matter on the basis of the record. If the record is insufficient, the judge may receive additional evidence on the  factual issue in question. The judge may continue the case if necessary to allow the parties time to prepare for a hearing to receive additional evidence.
(e)	Remand After Disposition of Issue on Appeal. – The judge, upon determining the matter appealed from the clerk, shall remand the case to the clerk for such further action as is necessary to administer the estate.
(f)	Recording of Estate Matters. – In the discretion of the clerk or upon request by a party, all hearings and other matters covered by this section shall be recorded by an electronic recording device. A transcript of the proceedings may be ordered by a party, by the clerk, or by the presiding judge. If a recordation is not made, the clerk shall submit to the superior court a summary of the evidence presented to the clerk."
SECTION 2.  G.S. 7A‑307(a)  reads as rewritten:
"§ 7A‑307.  Costs in administration of estates.
(a)	In the administration of the estates of decedents, minors, incompetents, of missing persons, and of trusts under wills and under powers of attorney, in trust proceedings under G.S. 36C‑2‑203, in estate proceedings under G.S. 28A‑2‑4, and in collections of personal property by affidavit, the following costs shall be assessed:
(1)	For the use of the courtroom and related judicial facilities, the sum of ten dollars ($10.00), to be remitted to the county. Funds derived from the facilities fees shall be used in the same manner, for the same purposes, and subject to the same restrictions, as facilities fees assessed in criminal actions.
(1a)	For the upgrade, maintenance, and operation of the judicial and county courthouse phone systems, the sum of four dollars ($4.00), to be credited to the Court Information Technology Fund.
(2)	For support of the General Court of Justice, the sum of seventy‑five dollars ($75.00), plus an additional forty cents (40/Ao) per one hundred dollars ($100.00), or major fraction thereof, of the gross estate, not to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000). Gross estate shall include the fair market value of all personalty when received, and all proceeds from the sale of realty coming into the hands of the fiduciary, but shall not include the value of realty. In collections of personal property by affidavit, the fee based on the gross estate shall be computed from the information in the final affidavit of collection made pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑3 and shall be paid when that affidavit is filed. In all other cases, this fee shall be computed from the information reported in the inventory and shall be paid when the inventory is filed with the clerk. If additional gross estate, including income, comes into the hands of the fiduciary after the filing of the inventory, the fee for such additional value shall be assessed and paid upon the filing of any account or report disclosing such additional value. For each filing the minimum fee shall be fifteen dollars ($15.00). Sums collected under this subdivision shall be remitted to the State Treasurer. The State Treasurer shall remit the sum of two dollars and five cents ($2.05) of each seventy‑five‑dollar ($75.00) General Court of Justice fee collected under this subdivision to the North Carolina State Bar for the provision of services described in G.S. 7A‑474.4.
(2a)	Notwithstanding subdivision (2) of this subsection, the fee of forty cents (40¢) per one hundred dollars ($100.00), or major fraction, of the gross estate, not to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000), shall not be assessed on personalty received by a trust under a will when the estate of the decedent was administered under Chapters 28 or 28A of the General Statutes. Instead, a fee of twenty dollars ($20.00) shall be assessed on the filing of each annual and final account. However, the fee shall be assessed only on newly contributed or acquired assets, all interest or other income that accrues or is earned on or with respect to any existing or newly contributed or acquired assets, and realized gains on the sale of any and all trust assets. Newly contributed or acquired assets do not include assets acquired by the sale, transfer, exchange, or otherwise of the amount of trust property on which fees were previously assessed.
(2b)	Notwithstanding subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, no costs shall be assessed when the estate is administered or settled pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑6.
(2c)	Notwithstanding subdivision (2) of this subsection, the fee of forty cents (40¢) per one hundred dollars ($100.00), or major fraction, of the gross estate shall not be assessed on the gross estate of a trust that is the subject of a proceeding under G.S. 36C‑2‑203 if there is no requirement in the trust that accountings be filed with the clerk.
(2d)	Notwithstanding subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, the only cost assessed in connection with the qualification of a limited personal representative under G.S. 28A‑29‑1 shall be a fee of twenty dollars ($20.00) to be assessed upon the filing of the petition.
(3)	For probate of a will without qualification of a personal representative, the clerk shall assess a facilities fee as provided in subdivision (1) of this subsection and shall assess for support of the General Court of Justice, the sum of twenty dollars ($20.00).
(4)	For the filing of a caveat to a will, the clerk shall assess for support of the General Court of Justice, the sum of two hundred dollars ($200.00).
(5)	Notwithstanding subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, the only cost assessed in connection with the reopening of an estate administration under G.S. 28A‑23‑5 shall be forty cents (40¢) per one hundred dollars ($100.00), or major fraction, of any additional gross estate, including income, coming into the hands of the fiduciary after the estate is reopened; provided that the total cost assessed when added to the total cost assessed in all prior administrations of the estate shall not exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000).
(b)	In collections of personal property by affidavit, the facilities fee and thirty dollars ($30.00) of the General Court of Justice fee shall be paid at the time of filing the qualifying affidavit pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑1. In all other cases, these fees shall be paid at the time of filing of the first inventory. If the sole asset of the estate is a cause of action, these fees shall be paid at the time of the qualification of the fiduciary.
(b1)	The clerk shall assess the following miscellaneous fees:
(1)	Filing and indexing a will with no probate
	– first page	$  1.00
	– each additional page or fraction thereof	 .25
(2)	Issuing letters to fiduciaries, per letter over five letters issued	1.00
(3)	Inventory of safe deposits of a decedent, per box, per day	15.00
(4)	Taking a deposition	10.00
(5)	Docketing and indexing a will probated in another county in the State
	‑ first page	6.00
	‑ each additional page or fraction thereof	 .25
(6)	Hearing petition for year's allowance to surviving spouse or child, in cases not assigned to a magistrate, and allotting the same	8.00
(c)	The following additional expenses, when incurred, are also assessable or recoverable, as the case may be:
(1)	Witness fees, as provided by law.
(2)	Counsel fees, as provided by law.
(3)	Costs on appeal, of the original transcript of testimony, if any, insofar as essential to the appeal.
(4)	Fees for personal service of civil process, and other sheriff's fees, as provided by law.
(5)	Fees of guardians ad litem, referees, receivers, commissioners, surveyors, arbitrators, appraisers, and other similar court appointees, as provided by law.
(d)	Costs assessed before the clerk shall be added to costs assessable on appeal to the judge or upon transfer to the civil issue docket.
(e)	Nothing in this section shall affect the liability of the respective parties for costs, as provided by law."
SECTION 3.  Article 5 of Chapter 31 of the General Statutes, G.S. 31‑12 through G.S. 31‑31.2, is recodified as Article 2A of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes, G.S. 28A‑2A‑1 through G.S. 28A‑2A‑23.
SECTION 4.  Chapter 28A of the General Statutes, as amended by Section 3 of this act, reads as rewritten:
"Chapter 28A. 
"Administration of Decedents' Estates. 
"Article 1. 
"Definitions and Other General Provisions. 
"§ 28A‑1‑1.  Definitions.
As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the term:
(1)	"Collector" means any person authorized to take possession, custody, or control of the personal property of the decedent for the purpose of executing the duties outlined in G.S. 28A‑11‑3.
(1a)	"Devisee" means any person entitled to take real or personal property under the provisions of a valid, probated will.
(1b)	"Estate proceeding" means a matter initiated by petition related to the administration, distribution, or settlement of an estate, other than a special proceeding. There may be more than one estate proceeding within the administration of a decedent's estate.
(2)	"Foreign personal representative" means a personal representative appointed in another jurisdiction, including a personal representative appointed in another country.
(3)	"Heir" means any person entitled to take real or personal property upon intestacy under the provisions of Chapter 29 of the General Statutes.
(4)	"Mortgage" includes a deed of trust.
(4a)	"Party," in the context of a contested or uncontested estate proceeding pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑6, means a party joined as a petitioner or respondent.
(4b)	"Person" means an individual; corporation; business trust; estate; trust; partnership; limited liability company; association; joint venture; government; governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality; public corporation; or any other legal or commercial entity.
(5)	"Personal representative" includes both an executor and an administrator, but does not include a collector.
	
"Article 2. 
"Jurisdiction for Probate of Wills and Administration of Estates of Decedents.
"§ 28A‑2‑1.  Clerk of superior court.
The clerk of superior court of each county, ex officio judge of probate, shall have jurisdiction of the administration, settlement, and distribution of estates of decedents including, but not limited  to 		 estate proceedings as provided in G.S. 28A‑2‑4.
"§ 28A‑2‑2.  Assistant clerk of superior court.
An assistant clerk of superior court shall have jurisdiction as provided by G.S. 7A‑102.
"§ 28A‑2‑3.  Jurisdiction where clerk interested.
Whenever the clerk of superior court is a subscribing witness to a will offered for probate in  the clerk's county or has an interest, direct or indirect, in an estate or trust within  the clerk's jurisdiction, jurisdiction with respect thereto shall be vested in the senior resident superior court judge of  the clerk's district, and shall extend to all things which the clerk of superior court might have done in the administration of such estate.
"§ 28A‑2‑4. Subject matter jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court in estate proceedings.
(a)	The clerks of superior court of this State, as ex officio judges of probate, shall have original jurisdiction of estate proceedings. Except as provided in subdivision (4) of this subsection, the jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court is exclusive. Estate proceedings include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1)	Probate of wills.
(2)	Granting and revoking of letters testamentary and letters of administration, or other proper letters of authority for the administration of estates.
(3)	Determination of the elective share for a surviving spouse as provided in G.S. 30‑3.
(4)	Proceedings to ascertain heirs or devisees, to approve family settlement agreements pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑10, to determine questions of construction of wills, to determine priority among creditors, to determine whether a person is in possession of property belonging to an estate, to order the recovery of property of the estate in possession of third parties, and to determine the existence or nonexistence of any immunity, power, privilege, duty, or right. Any party or the clerk of superior court may file a notice of transfer of a proceeding pursuant to this subdivision to the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice as provided in G.S. 28A‑2‑6(h). In the absence of a transfer to superior court, Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes shall apply to a trust proceeding pending before the clerk of superior court to the extent consistent with this Article.
(b)	Nothing in this section shall affect the right of a person to file an action in the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice for declaratory relief under Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes. In the event that either the petitioner or the respondent in an estate proceeding requests declaratory relief under Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, either party may move for a transfer of the proceeding to the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice as provided in Article 21 of Chapter 7A of the General Statutes. In the absence of a removal to superior court, Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes shall apply to an estate proceeding to the extent consistent with this Article.
(c)	Without otherwise limiting the jurisdiction of the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice, the clerk of superior court shall not have jurisdiction under subsection (a) or (c) of this section of the following:
(1)	Actions by or against creditors or debtors of an estate, except as provided in Article 19 of this Chapter.
(2)	Actions involving claims for monetary damages, including claims for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligence.
(3)	Caveats, except as provided under G.S. 31‑36.
(4)	Proceeding to determine proper county of venue as provided in G.S. 28A‑3‑2.
(5)	Recovery of property transferred or conveyed by a decedent with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, pursuant to G.S. 28A‑15‑10(b). 
"§ 28A‑2‑5. Subject matter jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court in special proceedings.
The clerk of superior court also shall have jurisdiction over special proceedings, including, but not limited to, the following:
(1)	Special proceedings to obtain possession, custody, or control of assets as provided in G.S. 28A‑13‑3.
(2)	Special proceedings relating to the sale, lease, or mortgage of real estate as provided in G.S. 28A‑15‑1 and in G.S. 28A‑17‑1.
(3)	Special proceedings against unknown heirs before distribution of estate as provided in G.S. 28A‑22‑3.
Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit the jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court in special proceedings.
"§ 28A‑2‑6. Commencement of estate proceedings, pleadings, consolidation, and joinder.
(a)	Contested Estate Proceedings. – Contested estate proceedings brought against adverse parties shall be commenced by petition in the existing estate administration file. All parties not joined as petitioners shall be joined as respondents. The clerk of superior court shall issue the estate proceeding summons to the respondents. The clerk of superior court may order that additional persons be joined as respondents and shall issue the estate proceeding summons to the additional persons. The estate proceeding summons shall notify a respondent to appear and answer the petition within 20 days after its service upon the respondents. The estate proceeding summons shall comply with the requirements set forth in G.S. 1‑394 for a special proceeding summons except that the summons shall be titled "ESTATE PROCEEDING SUMMONS" and shall be served upon a respondent in accordance with G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4. After the time for responding to the petition or complaint has expired, any party or the clerk of superior court may give notice to all parties of a hearing.
(b)	Uncontested Estate Proceedings. – Estate proceedings before the clerk of superior court that are uncontested may be decided without hearing according to practice and procedure provided by law and shall be commenced by the filing of a petition, setting forth the facts entitling the petitioners to relief and the nature of the relief demanded. In these proceedings, the clerk of superior court may hear and decide the petition summarily.
(c)	Pleadings. – Any petition, response, or request for hearing in a contested estate proceeding before the clerk of superior court shall contain a short and plain statement of the claim that is sufficiently particular to give the court and the parties notice of the transactions, occurrences, or series of transactions intended to be proved showing that the pleaders are entitled to relief, and a demand for judgment for the relief to which the pleader is entitled. Each averment should be simple, concise, and direct. No technical forms of motions or responses are required. A party may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically. The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by that attorney or party that (i) the attorney or party has read the pleading, motion, or other paper; (ii) to the best of the attorney's or party's knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law; and (iii) it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. All motions, responses, and requests for hearing shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.
(d)	Extensions of Time. – The clerk of superior court, for cause shown at any time in the clerk's discretion, with or without motion or notice, may enter an order enlarging the period of time within which an act is required or permitted in an estate proceeding, by any applicable rule of G.S. 1A‑1, the Rules of Civil Procedure,
 or by order of the court, if the request is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed, but not to exceed 10 days, provided that the court can enlarge the time for a period of more than 10 days for good cause shown, but only to the extent that the court in its discretion determines that justice requires. Upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period, the clerk of superior court may permit the act where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, the parties to a proceeding may enter into binding stipulations, without approval of the clerk of superior court, enlarging the time within which an act is required or permitted by this Article, by any applicable Rules of Civil Procedure or by order of the court, not to exceed 30 days.
(e)	Rules of Civil Procedure. – Unless the clerk of superior court otherwise directs, Rules 4.5, 6(a), 6(d), 6(e), 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 45, 56, and 65 of G.S. 1A‑1, the Rules of Civil Procedure, shall apply to estate proceedings. Upon motion of a party or the clerk of superior court, the clerk may further direct that any or all of the remaining Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply, including, without limitation, discovery rules; however, nothing in Rule 17 requires the appointment of a guardian ad litem for a party represented except as provided in G.S. 28A‑2‑7. In applying these Rules to an estate proceeding pending before the clerk of superior court, the term "judge" shall mean "clerk of superior court."
(f)	Consolidation. – When an estate proceeding pending before the clerk of superior court and a civil action pending before the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice involve a common question of law or fact, upon the court's motion or motion of a party to either the estate proceeding or the civil action, a superior court judge may order a consolidation of the estate proceeding and civil action, and the judge may make orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid unnecessary costs or delay. Upon the entry of an order consolidating an estate proceeding and civil action, the jurisdiction for all matters pending in both the estate proceeding and the civil action shall be vested in the superior court.
(g)	Joinder. – In any civil action pending before the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice, the party asserting a claim for relief as an original claim, counter claim, cross claim, or third‑party claim may join, either as independent or alternative claims, as many claims, legal or equitable, as the party may have against the opposing party, notwithstanding the fact that such claims may otherwise be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court.
(h)	Notice of Transfer. – A notice to transfer an estate proceeding brought pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑4(a)(4) must be served within 30 days after the moving party is served with a copy of the pleading requesting relief pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑4(a)(4), or in the case of the clerk of superior court, 30 days from the date upon which the parties have filed all responsive pleadings or the time for responding has expired. Failure to timely serve a notice of transfer of a trust proceeding is a waiver of any objection to the clerk of superior court's exercise of jurisdiction over the trust proceeding then pending before the clerk. When a notice of transfer is duly served and filed, the clerk shall transfer the proceeding to the appropriate court. The proceeding after the transfer is subject to the provisions of the General Statutes and to the rules that apply to actions initially filed in the court to which the proceeding was transferred.
(i)	Orders Upon Consolidation/Joinder/Transfer. – Upon the consolidation of an estate proceeding in a civil action, joinder of claims under subsection (f) or (g) of this section, or transfer to the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice pursuant to subsection (h) of this section, the clerk of superior court or judge may make appropriate orders to protect the interest of the parties and avoid unnecessary cost or delay. Notwithstanding the consolidation or joinder of claims under subsection (f) or (g) of this section, where the estate proceeding is transferred to the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice under subsection (h) of this section, the clerk of superior court's exclusive jurisdiction as set forth in G. S. 28A‑2‑4(a)(1) through (3) shall not be stayed unless so ordered by the court.
"§ 28A‑2‑7. Representation of parties.
(a)	Notwithstanding any other applicable rule of the Rules of Civil Procedure or provision of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, in any contested or uncontested estate proceeding or special proceeding, whether brought before the clerk of superior court or in the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice, the parties shall be represented as provided in Article 3 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes.
(b)	In the case of any party represented by another as provided in subsection (a) of this section, service of process shall be made by serving such representative.
"§ 28A‑2‑8. Waiver of notice.
A party, or a representative of a party as provided in G.S. 28A‑2‑7, may waive notice by a writing signed by the party, the representative, or the attorney of the party or the representative and filed in the proceeding.
"§ 28A‑2‑9. Appeals of estate proceedings and special proceedings.
(a)	With the exception of appeals of special proceedings heard by the clerk of superior court, appeals in estate matters shall be as provided in G.S. 1‑301.3.
(b)	Appeals in special proceedings shall be as provided in G.S. 1‑301.2.
(c)	Any party may appeal from a decision of the clerk of superior court in an estate proceeding or special proceeding to a superior court judge as provided for in G.S. 1‑301.3; provided that the appeals from orders of the clerk of superior court in special proceedings shall be as provided in G.S. 1‑301.2.
"§ 28A‑2‑10. Approval of family settlement agreements by the clerk.
The clerk shall have the authority, in the clerk's discretion, to consider and approve settlement agreements where the following apply: 
(1)	The controversy arises with respect to a matter over which the clerk has jurisdiction.
(2)	The controversy arose in good faith. 
Nothing herein shall be construed as giving a clerk the authority to approve a family settlement agreement modifying the terms of a last will and testament or resolving a caveat of a last will and testament."
"Article 2A.
"Probate of Will.
"§ 28A‑2A‑1.  Executor may apply for probate.
Any executor named in a will may, at any time after the death of the testator, apply to the clerk of the superior court, having jurisdiction, to have the same admitted to probate. Such will shall not be valid or effective to pass real estate or personal property as against innocent purchasers for value and without notice, unless it is probated or offered for probate within two years after the death of the testator or devisor or prior to the time of approval of the final account of a duly appointed administrator of the estate of the deceased, whichever time is earlier. If such will is fraudulently suppressed, stolen or destroyed, or has been lost, and an action or proceeding shall be commenced within two years from the death of the testator or devisor to obtain said will or establish the same as provided by law, then the limitation herein set out shall only begin to run from the termination of said action or proceeding, but not otherwise.
"§ 28A‑2A‑2.  Executor failing, beneficiary may apply.
If no executor  applies to have the will proved within 60 days after the death of the testator, any devisee or legatee named in the will, or any other person interested in the estate, may make such application, upon 10 days' notice thereof to the executor. For good cause shown, the clerk of superior court may shorten the initial 60‑day period during which the executor may apply to have the will proved.
"§ 28A‑2A‑3.  Clerk to notify legatees and devisees of probate of wills.
The clerks of the superior court of the State are hereby required and directed to notify by mail, all legatees and devisees whose addresses are known, designated in wills filed for probate in their respective counties. All expense incident to such notification shall be deemed a proper charge in the administration of the respective estates.
"§ 28A‑2A‑4.  Clerk  shall compel production of will.
Every clerk of the superior court having jurisdiction, on application by affidavit setting forth the facts, shall, by summons, compel any person in the State, having in possession the last will of any decedent, to exhibit the same in his court for probate; and whoever being duly summoned refuses, in contempt of the court, to produce such will, or (the same having been parted with by him) refuses to inform the court on oath where such will is, or in what manner he has disposed of it, shall, by order of the clerk of the superior court, be committed to the jail of the county, there to remain without bail till such will be produced or accounted for, and due submission made for the contempt.
"§ 28A‑2A‑5.  What shown on application for probate.
On application to the clerk of the superior court, he must ascertain by affidavit of the applicant –
(1)	That such applicant is the executor, devisee or legatee named in the will, or is some other person interested in the estate, and how so interested.
(2)	The value and nature of the testator's property, as near as can be ascertained.
(3)	The names and residences of all parties entitled to the testator's property, if known, or that the same on diligent inquiry cannot be discovered; which of the parties in interest are minors, and whether with or without guardians, and the names and residences of such guardians, if known.
Such affidavit shall be recorded with the will and the certificate of probate thereof, if the same is admitted to probate.
"§ 28A‑2A‑6.  Proof and examination in writing.
Every clerk of the superior court shall take in writing the proofs and examinations of the witnesses touching the execution of a will, and he shall embody the substance of such proofs and examinations, in case the will is admitted to probate, in his certificate of the probate thereof, which certificate must be recorded with the will. The proofs and examinations as taken must be filed in the office.
"§ 28A‑2A‑7.  Probate in solemn form.
(a)	A person entitled to apply for probate of a will pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2A‑1 or G.S. 28A‑2A‑2 may file a petition for probate of the will in solemn form, and the matter shall proceed as an estate proceeding governed by Article 2 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes. The clerk of superior court shall issue a summons to all interested parties in the estate. The clerk shall schedule a hearing at which the petitioner shall produce the evidence necessary to probate the will.
(b)	If an interested party contests the validity of the will, that person must file a caveat before the hearing or raise an issue of devisavit vel non at the hearing. Upon the filing of a caveat or raising of an issue of devisavit vel non, the clerk shall transfer the cause to the superior court, and the matter shall be heard as a caveat proceeding.
(c)	If no interested party contests the validity of the will, the probate shall be binding, and no interested party who was properly served may file a caveat of the probated will. Initiation of a probate in common form shall not preclude a person from applying for probate in solemn form.
"§ 28A‑2A‑8.  Manner of probate of attested written will.
(a)	An attested written will, executed as provided by G.S. 31‑3.3, may be probated in the following manner:
(1)	Upon the testimony of at least two of the attesting witnesses; or
(2)	If the testimony of only one attesting witness is available,  then
a.	Upon the testimony of such witness, and
b.	Upon proof of the handwriting of at least one of the attesting witnesses who is dead or whose testimony is otherwise unavailable, and
c.	Upon proof of the handwriting of the testator, unless he signed by his mark, and
d.	Upon proof of such other circumstances as will satisfy the clerk of the superior court as to the genuineness and due execution of the will; or
(3)	If the testimony of none of the attesting witnesses is available, then
a.	Upon proof of the handwriting of at least two of the attesting witnesses whose testimony is unavailable, and
b.	Upon compliance with paragraphs  c. and d. of subsection (a)(2) of this section; or
(4)	Upon a showing that the will has been made self‑proved in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 31‑11.6.
(b)	Due execution of a will may be established, where the evidence required by subsection (a) of this section is unavoidably lacking or inadequate, by testimony of other competent witnesses as to the requisite facts.
(c)	The testimony of a witness is unavailable within the meaning of this section when the witness is dead, out of the State, not to be found within the State,  incompetent, physically unable to testify or refuses to testify.
"§ 28A‑2A‑9.  Manner of probate of holographic will.
A holographic will may be probated only in the following manner:
(1)	Upon the testimony of at least three competent witnesses that they believe that the will is written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose will it purports to be, and that the name of the testator as written in or on, or subscribed to, the will is in the handwriting of the person whose will it purports to be; and
(2)	Upon the testimony of one witness who may, but need not be, one of the witnesses referred to in subdivision (1) of this section to a statement of facts showing that the will was found after the testator's death as required by G.S. 31‑3.4. 
"§ 28A‑2A‑10.  Manner of probate of nuncupative will.
(a)	No nuncupative will may be probated later than six months from the time it was made unless it was reduced to writing within 10 days after it was made.
(b)	Before a nuncupative will may be probated
(1)	Written notice must be given to the surviving spouse, if any, and to the next of kin, by the clerk of the court in which it is to be probated, notifying them that the will has been offered for probate and that they may, if they desire, oppose the probate thereof, or
(2)	When the surviving spouse or next of kin are not known or when for any other reason such notice cannot be given, a notice to the same effect must be published not less than once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper published in the county where the will is offered for probate, or if no newspaper is published in the county, then in some newspaper having general circulation therein.
(c)	A nuncupative will may be probated only in the following manner:
(1)	Upon the testimony of at least two competent witnesses who establish the terms of such will and who state that they were simultaneously present at the making thereof, that the testator declared he was then making his will, and that they were then and there specially requested by him to bear witness thereto; and
(2)	Upon the testimony of one competent witness, who may but need not be one of the witnesses referred to in subdivision (1) of this subsection, that the will was made in the testator's last illness or while he was in imminent peril of death, and that he did not survive such sickness or imminent peril, but it is not necessary that all such facts be proved by the testimony of the same witness.
"§ 28A‑2A‑11.  Probate of wills of members of the armed forces.
In addition to the methods already provided in existing statutes therefor, a will executed by a person while in the armed forces of the United States or the merchant marine, shall be admitted to probate (whether there were subscribing witnesses thereto or not, if they, or either of them, is out of the State at the time said will is offered for probate) upon the oath of at least three credible witnesses that the signature to said will is in the handwriting of the person whose will it purports to be. Such will so proven shall be effective to devise real property as well as to bequeath personal estate of all kinds. This section shall not apply to cases pending in courts and at issue on the date of its ratification.
"§ 28A‑2A‑12.  Probate conclusive until vacated; substitution of consolidated bank as executor or trustee under will.
Such record and probate is conclusive in evidence of the validity of the will, until it is vacated on appeal or declared void by a competent tribunal. Provided, that whenever in a will so probated or recorded a bank or trust company shall be named executor and/or trustee and shall have at the time of such probate and recording become absorbed by or consolidated with another bank or trust company or shall have sold and transferred all its assets and liabilities to another bank or trust company doing business in North Carolina, such latter bank or trust company shall be deemed substituted for and shall have all the rights and powers of the former bank or trust company.
"§ 28A‑2A‑13.  Wills filed in clerk's office.
All original wills shall remain in the clerk's office, among the records of the court where the same shall be proved, and to such wills any person may have access, as to the other records. If said will contains a devise of real estate, outside said county where said will is probated, then a copy of the said will, together with the probate of the same, certified under the hand and seal of the clerk of the superior court of said county may be recorded in the book of wills and filed in the office of the clerk of the superior court of any county in the State in which said land is situated with the same effect as to passing the title to said real estate as if said will had originally been probated and filed in said county and the clerk of the superior court of said last‑mentioned county had had jurisdiction to probate the same.
"§ 28A‑2A‑14.  Validation of wills heretofore certified and recorded.
All wills which have prior to March 9, 1921, been certified and recorded in the office of the clerk of the superior court of any county, substantially following the provisions of G.S. 28A‑2A‑13, are hereby validated and approved as to the conveyance and transfer of any title to real estate as contained therein, to the same extent as if said wills had originally been probated and filed in said county, and the clerk of the superior court of said county had had jurisdiction to probate the same, provided the probates and witnesses to the said wills are sufficient and according to law.
"§ 28A‑2A‑15.  Certified copy of will proved in another state or country.
When a will, made by a citizen of this State, is proved and allowed in some other state or country, and the original will cannot be removed from its place of legal deposit in such other state or country, for probate in this State, the clerk of the superior court of the county where the testator had his last usual residence or has any property, upon a duly certified copy or exemplification of such will being exhibited to him for probate, shall take every order and proceeding for proving, allowing and recording such copy as by law might be taken upon the production of the original.
"§ 28A‑2A‑16.  Examination of witnesses by affidavit.
(a)	The examination of witnesses to a will may be taken and subscribed in the form of an affidavit before a notary public or other person who is authorized to administer oaths in the jurisdiction where the examination is held.
(b)	A photographic copy of the original will certified to be a true and exact copy thereof by the clerk of superior court of the county in which the will is to be probated may be used in the examination of the witnesses in the procedures set out in  subsection (a) of this section; provided, the said clerk has in his possession the original will at the time of examination of the witnesses.
(c)	Affidavits taken in accordance with subsection (a) of this section shall be transmitted by the person taking the affidavit to the clerk of superior court of the county in which the will is to be probated.
(d)	Testimony submitted in accordance with subsection (a) of this section is competent in regard to all requirements of G.S. 31‑3.3 and to establish that a will was executed in compliance with the requirements of G.S. 31‑3.3.
(e)	Nothing in this section is to limit or otherwise affect the authority of a clerk of superior court in the exercise of his authority as judge of probate under G.S. 28A‑2‑1 to:
(1)	 Issue subpoenas under G.S. 7A‑103; or
(2)	 Order the taking of depositions of witnesses.
"§ 28A‑2A‑17.  Certified copy of will of nonresident recorded.
(a)	Subject to the provisions of  subsection (b) of this section, if the will of a citizen or subject of another state or country is probated in accordance with the laws of that jurisdiction and a duly certified copy of the will and the probate proceedings are produced before a clerk of superior court of any county wherein the testator had property, the copy of the will shall be probated as if it were the original. If the jurisdiction is within the United States, the copy of the will and the probate proceedings shall be certified by the clerk of the court wherein the will was probated. If the jurisdiction is outside the United States, the copy of the will and probate proceedings shall be certified by any ambassador, minister, consul or commercial agent of the United States under his official seal.
(b)	For a copy of a will probated under the provisions of subsection (a) of this section to be valid to pass title to or otherwise dispose of real estate in this State, the execution of said will according to the laws of this State must appear affirmatively, to the satisfaction of the clerk of the superior court of the county in which such will is offered for probate, from the testimony of a witness or witnesses to such will, or from findings of fact or recitals in the order of probate, or otherwise in such certified copy of the will and probate proceedings.
(c)	If the execution of the will in accordance with the laws of this State does not appear as required by  subsection (b) of this section, the clerk before whom the copy is exhibited shall have power to take proof as prescribed in  G.S. 28A‑2A‑16, and the will may be adjudged duly proved, and if so proved, the will shall be recorded as herein provided.
(d)	Any copy of a will of a nonresident heretofore allowed, filed and recorded in this State in compliance with the foregoing shall be valid to pass title to or otherwise dispose of real estate in this State.
"§ 28A‑2A‑18.  Probates validated where proof taken by commissioner or another clerk.
In all cases of the probate of any will made prior to March 8, 1899, in common form before any clerk of the superior courts of this State, where the testimony of the subscribing witnesses has been taken in the State or out of it by any commissioner appointed by said clerk or taken by any other clerk of the superior court in any other county of this State, and the will admitted to probate upon such testimony, the proceedings are validated.
"§ 28A‑2A‑19.  Probates in another state before 1860 validated.
In all cases where any will devises land in this State, and the original will was duly admitted to probate in some other state prior to the year 1860, and a certified copy of such will and the probate thereof has been admitted to probate and record in any county in this State, and it in any way appears from such recorded copy that there were two subscribing witnesses to such will, and its execution was proved by the examination of such witnesses when the original was  admitted to probate, such will shall be held and considered, and is hereby declared to be, good and valid for the purpose of passing title to the lands devised thereby, situated in this State, as fully and completely as if the original will had been duly executed and admitted to probate and recorded in this State in accordance with the laws of this State.
"§ 28A‑2A‑20.  Validation of wills recorded without probate by subscribing witnesses.
In all cases where wills and testaments were executed prior to the first day of January, 1875, and which appear as recorded in the record of last wills and testaments to have had two or more witnesses thereto, and such last wills and testaments were admitted to probate and recorded in the record of wills in the proper county in this State prior to the first day of January, 1888, without having been duly proven as provided by law, and such wills were presented to the clerk of the superior court in any county in this State where the makers of said wills owned property, and where the makers of such wills lived and died, and were by such clerks recorded in the record of wills for his county, said wills and testaments or exemplified copies or certified true copies thereof, so recorded, if otherwise sufficient, shall have the effect to pass the title to real or personal property, or both, therein devised and bequeathed, to the same extent and as completely as if the execution thereof had been duly proven by the two subscribing witnesses thereto in the manner provided by law of this State. Nothing herein shall be construed to prevent such wills from being impeached for fraud.
"§ 28A‑2A‑21.  Validation of wills admitted on oath of one subscribing witness.
In all cases where last wills and testaments which appear as recorded in the record of last wills and testaments to have had two witnesses thereto and such last wills and testaments were admitted to probate and recorded in the record of wills in the proper county in this State prior to the first day of January, 1890, upon the oath and examination of one of the witnesses, such proof being taken in writing and recorded, and the certificate of probate of the clerk of the court states that such a will is proven by one of the subscribing witnesses thereto and the handwriting of the other subscribing witness being a nonresident is proven under oath, and such a will and certificate has been recorded in the record of wills of the proper county, such probate is hereby validated as fully as if the proof of the handwriting of the nonresident witness had been taken in regular form in writing and recorded.
"§ 28A‑2A‑22.  Validation of probates of wills when witnesses examined before notary public; acts of deputy clerks validated. 
Whenever any last will and testament has been probated, based upon the examination of the subscribing witness or the subscribing witnesses, taken before a notary public in the county in which the will is probated, or taken before a notary public of any other county, it is hereby in all respects validated and shall be sufficient to pass the title to all real and personal property purported to be transferred thereby.
All acts heretofore performed by deputy clerks of the superior court in taking acknowledgments, examining witnesses and probate of any wills, deeds and other instruments required or permitted by law to be recorded, are hereby validated. Nothing herein contained shall affect pending litigation.
§ 28A‑2A‑23.  Validation of wills when recorded without order of probate or registration upon oath and examination of subscribing witness or witnesses.
Whenever any last will and testament has been duly presented to the clerk of the superior court, and the said will together with the oath and examination of the subscribing witness or witnesses thereto taken before a notary public in the county in which the will is probated, or taken before a notary public of any other county, or before the clerk of the superior court of said county, or any other county, is duly recorded in the office of the clerk of the superior court of the said county, without a formal order of probate or registration, such will, if executed in accordance with the laws of this State, is hereby validated with respect to the probate and registration thereof and shall be sufficient to pass title to all real and personal property purported to be transferred thereby to the same extent that the said will would have done so if there had been a formal order of probate and registration. This section shall apply only to wills presented to the clerk of the superior court and recorded prior to the first day of January, 1943.
"Article 3. 
"Venue for Probate of Wills and Administration of Estates of Decedents.
"§ 28A‑3‑1.  Proper county.
The venue for the probate of a will and for all proceedings relating to the administration of the estate of a decedent shall be:
(1)	In the county in this State where the decedent  was domiciled at the time of  the decedent's death; or
(2)	If the decedent had no domicile in this State at the time of  death, then in any county wherein the decedent left any property or assets or into which any property or assets belonging to this estate may have come. If there be more than one such county, that county in which proceedings are first commenced shall have priority of venue; or
(3)	If the decedent was a nonresident motorist who died in the State, then in any county in the State.
"§ 28A‑3‑2.  Proceedings to determine venue.
(a)	If proceedings are commenced in more than one county or if upon commencement of a proceeding a question arises as to the proper county of venue, or if for any other reason a delay arises in determining venue,  the matter shall be referred by the clerk of superior court  for a hearing  and determination by the senior resident superior court judge or any judge assigned to hold the superior courts of the district which includes the county where the proceedings were first commenced.  Upon the filing of a motion or petition to determine venue, the judge shall determine which is the proper county for administration of the estate and stay proceedings in all other counties.  The judge shall make such orders as are necessary to transfer the entire proceedings to the proper county. The clerk of superior court of each county in which proceedings are stayed shall retain a true copy of the entire file and transmit the original to the clerk of superior court of such county as the judge directs.
(a1)	Any interested person may file a petition to determine proper venue within the time prescribed by G.S. 28A‑3‑5. The matter shall be referred by the clerk of superior court by or before whom the petition is filed for a hearing and determination by the senior resident superior court judge or any judge assigned to hold the superior courts of the district that includes the county where the proceedings were first commenced.
(b)	A proceeding shall be deemed commenced by the offering of a will for probate or by applying for letters of administration as provided by G.S. 28A‑6‑1 through 28A‑6‑5 or by applying for letters of collection as provided by G.S. 28A‑11‑1 through 28A‑11‑4 and the proceeding first legally commenced shall extend to all of the property or assets of the decedent in this State.
"§ 28A‑3‑3.  Procedure after determination of improper appointment.
Where a person has been improperly appointed, and a different person in another county is determined under G.S. 28A‑3‑2(a) to be the properly appointed personal representative, such improperly  appointed personal representative shall surrender to the properly appointed personal representative all assets of the estate under  control of the improperly appointed personal representative. In addition such improperly appointed personal representative shall file an accounting with the clerk of superior court in the proper county according to the form prescribed for collectors by G.S. 28A‑11‑4.
"§ 28A‑3‑4.  Liability of personal representative appointed in improper county.
When a personal representative has been appointed in an improper county, and a different person in another county is determined under G.S. 28A‑3‑2(a) to be the properly appointed personal representative, such improperly appointed personal representative shall not thereby incur personal liability for administrative acts performed prior to the transfer except as provided in G.S. 28A‑13‑10. 
"§ 28A‑3‑5.  Waiver of venue.
If questions as to priority of venue are not raised within three months after the issuance of letters testamentary or letters of  administration to the personal representative, the validity of the proceeding shall not be affected by any error in venue.
"Article 4. 
"Qualification and Disqualification for Letters Testamentary and Letters of  Administration.
"§ 28A‑4‑1.  Order of persons qualified to serve.
(a)	Letters Testamentary. – Letters testamentary shall be  granted to the executor or executors named or designated in the will,  or if no such person qualifies, to any substitute or successor executor named or designated in the will. If no person so named or designated qualifies, letters testamentary shall be granted to some other person nominated by a person upon whom the will expressly confers the authority to make such nomination. If none of the foregoing persons  qualifies, the clerk shall grant letters of administration in accordance with subsection (b) of this section.
(b)	Letters of Administration. Letters of administration shall be granted to persons who are qualified to serve, in the following order, unless the clerk of superior court in  the discretion of the clerk of superior court determines that the best interests of the estate otherwise require:
(1)	The surviving spouse of the decedent;
(2)	Any devisee of the testator;
(3)	Any heir of the decedent;
(3a)	Any next of kin, with a person who is of a closer kinship as computed pursuant to G.S. 104A‑1 having priority;
(4)	Any creditor to whom the decedent became obligated prior to  the decedent's death;
(5)	Any person of good character residing in the county who applies therefor; and
(6)	Any other person of good character not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2.
When applicants are equally entitled, letters shall be granted to the applicant who, in the judgment of the clerk of superior court, is  most likely to administer the estate advantageously, or they may be granted to any two or more of such applicants.
(c)	Any interested person may file a petition pursuant to Article 2 of this Chapter alleging that all or any of the persons described in subsection (b) of this section is disqualified in accordance with G.S. 28A‑4‑2.
"§ 28A‑4‑2.  Persons disqualified to serve as personal representative.
No person is qualified to serve as a personal representative who:
(1)	Is under 18 years of age;
(2)	Has been adjudged incompetent in a formal proceeding and remains under such disability;
(3)	Is a convicted felon, under the laws either of the United States or of any state or territory of the United States, or of the District of Columbia and whose citizenship has not been restored;
(4)	Is a nonresident of this State who has not appointed a resident agent to accept service of process in all actions or proceedings with respect to the estate, and caused such appointment to be filed with the court; or who is a resident of this State who has, subsequent to appointment as a personal representative, moved from this State without appointing such process agent;
(5)	Is a corporation not authorized to act as a personal representative in this State;
(6)	Repealed by Session Laws 1999‑133, s. 1.
(7)	Has lost  that person's rights as provided by Chapter 31A;
(8)	Is illiterate;
(9)	Is a person whom the clerk of superior court finds otherwise unsuitable; or
(10)	Is a person who has renounced either expressly or by implication as provided in G.S. 28A‑5‑1 and 28A‑5‑2.
"Article 5.
"Renunciation by Personal Representative.
"§ 28A‑5‑1.  Renunciation by executor.
(a)	Express Renunciation by Executor. – Any person named or designated as executor in a duly probated will may renounce the office by filing with the clerk of superior court a writing signed by  such person, and acknowledged or proved to the satisfaction of the clerk.
(b)	Implied Renunciation by Executor. – If any person named or designated as executor fails to qualify or to renounce within 30 days  after the will had been admitted to probate, (i) the clerk of superior court may issue a notice to that person to qualify or move for an extension of time to qualify within 15 days, or (ii) any other person named or designated as executor in the will or  any interested person may file a petition in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter for an order finding that person named or designated as executor to be deemed to have renounced.  If that person does not file a response to the motion or petition within 15 days from the date of service of the motion or petition, the clerk of superior court shall enter an order adjudging that  the person has renounced. If the person files a response within 15 days from the date of service of the motion or petition requesting an extension of time within which to qualify or renounce, upon hearing, the clerk of superior court may grant to  that person a reasonable extension of time within which to qualify or  renounce for cause shown. If that person qualifies within 15 days of the date of service of the motion or petition, the clerk of superior court shall dismiss that motion or petition, without prejudice, summarily and without hearing.
(c)	Procedure upon Renunciation. – Upon renunciation by a person named or designated as executor, letters shall be issued to some other person as provided in G.S. 28A‑4‑1.
"§ 28A‑5‑2.  Renunciation of right to administer.
(a)	Express Renunciation. – Any person entitled to apply for letters of administration may renounce the office by filing with the clerk of superior court a writing signed by such person, and acknowledged or proved to the satisfaction of the clerk.
(b)	Implied Renunciation. –
(1)	If any person entitled to apply for letters of administration fails to apply therefor within 30 days from the date of death of the intestate, (i) the clerk of superior  court may issue a notice to the person to qualify or move for an extension of time to qualify within 15 days, or (ii) any interested  person may file a petition in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter for an order finding that person to be deemed to have renounced.  If the person does not file a response to the notice or petition within 15 days from the date of service of the motion, the clerk of superior court shall enter an order adjudging that  the person has renounced. If the person files a response within 15 days from the date of service of the motion requesting an extension of time within which to qualify or renounce, upon hearing, the clerk of superior court may grant to that person a reasonable extension of time within which to qualify or renounce for cause shown. If the person qualifies within 15 days of the date of service of the motion, the clerk of superior court shall dismiss the motion, without prejudice, summarily and without hearing and the clerk of superior court shall issue letters to some other person as provided in G.S. 28A‑4‑1.  No notice shall be required to be given to any interested person, but the clerk may give notice as the clerk in the clerk's discretion may determine.(2)	If no person entitled to administer applies for letters of administration within 90 days after the date of death of an intestate, then the clerk of superior court may, in  the clerk's discretion, enter an order declaring all prior rights to apply for letters of administration to be renounced, and issue letters to some suitable person as provided in G.S. 28A‑4‑1.
(c)	Nomination by Person Renouncing. – Any person who expressly renounces  the person's prior right to apply for letters of administration may at the same time nominate in writing some other person not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2 to be named as personal representative, and such designated person shall be entitled to the same priority of right to apply for letters of administration as the person making the nomination.
"Article 6. 
"Appointment of Personal Representative. 
"§ 28A‑6‑1.  Application for letters; grant of letters.
(a)	The application for letters of administration or letters testamentary shall be in the form of an affidavit sworn to before an officer authorized to administer oaths, signed by the applicant or  the applicant's attorney, which may be supported by other proof under oath in writing, all of which shall be recorded and filed by the clerk of superior court, and shall allege the following facts:
(1)	The name, and to the extent known, the domicile and the date and place of death of the decedent;
(2)	The legal residence and mailing address of the applicant;
(3)	The names, ages and mailing addresses of the decedent's heirs and devisees, including the names and mailing addresses of the guardians of those having court‑appointed guardians, so far as all of these facts are known or can with reasonable diligence be ascertained;
(4)	That the applicant is the person entitled to apply for letters, or that  the applicant applies after persons having prior right to apply are shown to have renounced under Article 5 of this Chapter, or that  the applicant applies subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑6‑2(1), and that  the applicant is not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2.
(5)	The nature and probable value of the decedent's property, both real and personal, and the location of such property, so far as all of these facts are known or can with reasonable diligence be ascertained; and
(6)	If the decedent was not domiciled in this State at the time of  the decedent's death, a schedule of  the decedent's property located in this State, and the name and mailing address of  the decedent's domiciliary personal representative, or if there is none, whether a proceeding to appoint one is pending.
(b)	If it appears to the clerk of superior court that the application and supporting evidence comply with the requirements of subsection (a) of this section and on the basis thereof  the clerk finds that the applicant is entitled to appointment,  the clerk shall issue letters of administration or letters testamentary to the applicant unless in  the clerk's discretion  the clerk determines that the best interests of the estate would be served by delaying the appointment of a personal representative, in which case  the clerk may appoint a collector as provided in Article 11.
(c)	The clerk of superior court may rely upon the following as evidence of death:
(1)	A certified or authenticated copy of a death certificate purporting to be issued by an official or agency of the place where the death purportedly occurred.
(2)	A certified or authenticated copy of any record or report of a governmental agency, domestic or foreign, evidencing the date of death.
(3)	A certificate or authenticated copy of medical records, including a record of death, evidencing the date of death.
(4)	Any other evidence that the clerk of superior court deems sufficient to confirm the date of death.
"§ 28A‑6‑2.  Letters issued without notice; exceptions.
Letters of administration or letters testamentary may be issued without notice, including upon a finding of implied renunciation under G.S. 28A‑5‑1(b) or G.S. 28A‑5‑2(b), except:
(1)	When the applicant is not entitled to priority of appointment under G.S. 28A‑4‑1, all persons entitled to an equal or higher preference shall be given  15 days prior to written notice of that application, unless they have renounced in accordance with the provisions of Article 5 of this Chapter.
(2)	The clerk of superior court may in any case require that prior written notice be given to such interested persons as  the clerk, in  the clerk's discretion, may designate prior to the granting of letters.
"§ 28A‑6‑3.  Appointment of successor to personal representative.
When the appointment of a sole or last surviving personal representative is terminated by death, resignation pursuant to Article 10 of this Chapter, or revocation pursuant to Article 9 of this Chapter, the clerk of superior court shall appoint another personal representative as provided by G.S. 28A‑4‑1 to act as  successor to the sole or last surviving personal representative. When two or more personal representatives have qualified, and the appointment of one or more of them is terminated by death, resignation or revocation, leaving in office one or more personal representatives, the appointment of successors shall not be required unless:
(1)	The clerk of superior court determines, in  the clerk's discretion, that it is in the best interest of the estate to appoint a successor or successors to such personal representative or personal representatives, or
(2)	In the case of executors, the will so provides.
"§ 28A‑6‑4.  Right to contest appointment; procedure.
Prior to the issuance of letters, any interested person may, by written  petition filed with the clerk of superior court,  and served upon such interested persons as the clerk of superior court may direct, contest the issuance of letters of administration or letters testamentary to  a person otherwise entitled to apply for letters of administration or letters testamentary. After a petition has been duly filed, the clerk of superior court shall conduct a hearing and determine  to whom letters shall  be issued. Appeal may be taken from the order of the clerk as in  an estate proceeding pursuant to G.S. 1‑301.3.
"§ 28A‑6‑5.  Letters not subject to collateral attack.
The validity of letters issued shall not be subject to collateral attack.
"Article 7. 
"Oath. 
"§ 28A‑7‑1.  Oath required before letters issue.
Before letters testamentary, letters of administration or letters of collection are issued to any person,  the person shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the clerk of superior court, or before any other officer of any state or country authorized by the laws of North Carolina to administer oaths, that  the person will faithfully and honestly discharge the duties of  the person's office. Such oath or affirmation shall be in the form prescribed in G.S. 11‑11, and shall be filed in the office of the clerk of superior court.
"Article 8. 
"Bond. 
"§ 28A‑8‑1.  Bond required before letters issue; when bond not required.
(a)	Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, every personal representative, before letters are issued, shall give bond, conditioned as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑2.
(b)	No bond shall be required of:
(1)	A resident executor, unless the express terms of the will require  a resident executor to give bond;
(2)	A nonresident executor (or a resident executor who moves from this State subsequent to  that executor's appointment) who has appointed a resident agent to accept service of process as provided in G.S. 28A‑4‑2(a) [28A‑4‑2(4)], when the express terms of the will excuse  a nonresident executor from giving bond;
(3)	A nonresident executor, when there is a resident executor named who has qualified as coexecutor unless the express terms of the will require them to give bond, or the clerk of  superior court finds that such bond is necessary for the protection of the estate; or
(4)	A personal representative appointed solely for the purpose of bringing an action for the wrongful death of the deceased until such time as the personal representative shall receive  property into the estate of the deceased; or
(5)	A personal representative that is a  trust institution licensed under G.S. 53‑159;
(6)	A personal representative of an intestate who resides in the  State of North Carolina when all of the heirs of the decedent are over 18 years of age and file with the clerk of superior  court a written waiver instrument agreeing to relieve the personal representative from the necessity of giving bond; or
(7)	A personal representative where  the personal representative receives all the property  of the decedent;
(8)	An administrator with the will annexed who resides in the State of North Carolina when all of the devisees of the decedent are over 18 years of age and file with the clerk of  superior court a written waiver instrument agreeing to relieve  the administrator with the will annexed of the necessity of giving bond.
"§ 28A‑8‑1.1.  Deposited money; exclusion in computing amount of bond.
Notwithstanding the provisions of G.S. 28A‑8‑1, in any proceeding for the determination of the amount of bond to be required of the personal representative or testamentary trustee, whether at the time of appointment or subsequently, when it appears that the estate of the decedent or the testamentary trust includes money which has been or will be deposited in a bank or banks in this State, or money which has been or will be invested in an account or accounts in an insured savings and loan association or associations upon condition that such money will not be withdrawn except on authorization of the court, the court may, in its discretion, order such money so deposited or so invested and shall exclude such deposited money from the computation of the amount of such bond or reduce the amount of bond to be required in respect of such money to such an amount as it may deem reasonable.
The petitioner for letters testamentary, of administration, or of trusteeship may deliver to any such bank or association any such money in  the petitioner's possession, or may allow such bank to retain any such money already in its possession, or may allow such association to retain any such money already invested with it; and, in either event, the petitioner shall secure and file with the court a written receipt including the agreement of the bank or association that such money shall not be allowed to be withdrawn except on authorization of the court. In so receiving and retaining such money, the bank or association shall be protected to the same extent as though it had received the same from a person to whom letters testamentary, of administration, or of trusteeship had been issued.
The term "account in an insured savings and loan association" as used in this section means an account insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation or by a mutual deposit guaranty association authorized by Article 7A of Chapter 54 of the General Statutes of North Carolina.
The term "money" as used in this section means the principal of the decedent's estate and does not include the income earned by the principal of the decedent's estate which may be withdrawn without any authorization of the court.
"§ 28A‑8‑2.  Provisions of bond.
A bond given pursuant to this Article shall be:
(1)	Payable to the State to the use of all persons interested in the estate; and
(2)	Conditioned that the personal representative giving the bond shall faithfully execute the trust reposed in  the personal representative and obey all lawful orders of the clerk of superior court or other court touching the administration of the estate committed to  the personal representative; and
(3)	In an amount not less than:
a.	One and one‑fourth times the value of all personal property of the decedent when the bond is secured by a suretyship bond executed by a corporate surety company authorized by the Commissioner of Insurance to do business in this State, provided that the clerk of superior court, when the value of the personal property to be administered by the personal representative exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), may accept bond in an amount equal to the value of the personal property plus ten percent (10%) thereof; or
b.	Double the value of all personal property of the decedent  when the bond is secured by one of the methods provided in subdivision (4)b, (4)c or (4)d; such value of said personal property to be ascertained by the clerk of superior court by examination, on oath, of the applicant  or of some other person determined by the clerk to be qualified to testify as to its value; and
(4)	Secured by one or more of the following:
a.	Suretyship bond executed, at the expense of the estate, by a corporate surety company authorized by the Commissioner of Insurance to do business in this State;
b.	Suretyship bond executed and justified upon oath before the clerk of superior court by two or more sufficient personal sureties each of whom shall reside in and own real estate in North Carolina and shall have assets with an aggregate value above encumbrances of not less than the amount of the penalty of the required bond;
c.	A first mortgage or first deed of trust in form approved by the administrative officer of the courts on real estate located in North Carolina:
1.	Executed by the owner, and conditioned on the performance of the obligations of the bond, and
2.	Containing a power of sale which, in the case of a mortgage, is exercisable by the clerk of superior court upon a breach of any condition thereof, or, in  the case of a deed of trust, is exercisable by the trustee after notice by the clerk of superior court that a breach of condition has occurred.
The clerk of superior court shall not accept such mortgage or deed of trust until it shall have been properly registered in the county or counties in which the real estate is located, and the clerk of superior court is satisfied that the real estate subject to the mortgage or deed of trust is worth the amount to be secured thereby, and that the mortgage or deed of trust is a first charge on said real estate. No such mortgage or deed of trust shall be cancelled or surrendered until the approval of the final account, unless substitution is permitted as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑3(d).
d.	A deposit by the owner with the clerk of superior court of negotiable securities, of a kind permitted by law to be proper investments for fiduciaries exercising due care, having a fair market value determined by the clerk to be equal to the amount of the penalty of the bond. Such securities shall be properly endorsed, delivered to the clerk of superior court, and accompanied by a security agreement containing a power of sale authorizing the clerk of superior court to sell them in the event the person to whom letters are being issued commits a breach of any duty imposed upon  that person by law in respect of  that person's office. Such securities shall not be surrendered by the clerk of superior court to the owner until the approval of the final account, unless substitution is permitted as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑3(d). For the purposes of determining the value of the assets of the personal sureties in subdivision (4)b, or the value of the real estate in subdivision (4)c, or the value of the negotiable securities in subdivision (4)d, the clerk of superior court may require a certificate of  the value of such property by one or more persons not interested in the estate determined by the clerk to be qualified to certify such value.
"§ 28A‑8‑3.  Modification of bond requirements.
(a)	Increase of Bond or Security in Case of Inadequacy or Insufficiency. – 
(1)	The clerk of superior  court, on the clerk's own motion, may require the personal representative to give a new bond or to furnish additional security if  the clerk of superior court finds that the bond filed pursuant to this Article, or its security, is insufficient, inadequate in amount, or that any of the individual sureties has become or is about to become a nonresident or, in the case of a corporate surety, has withdrawn or is about to withdraw from doing business in this State. 
(2)	Any interested person may file a verified petition in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter requesting modification of bond requirements. Upon the filing of a verified petition, the clerk of superior court shall  conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter. If the clerk of superior court finds that the bond filed or its security is insufficient or inadequate,  the clerk shall make an order requiring the personal representative to give a new bond or to furnish additional security within a reasonable time to be fixed in the order.
(b)	Increase of Bond upon Sale of Real Estate. – When a personal representative makes application for an order to sell real estate, the provisions of G.S. 1‑339.10 shall govern.
(c)	Reduction of Bond. – On application of the personal representative the penalty of the bond may be reduced from time to time when the clerk of superior court finds that such reduction is clearly justified, but in no event shall the penalty of the bond be reduced below the amount required by G.S. 28A‑8‑2(3).
(d)	Substitution of Security. – When a bond is secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on real estate as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑2(4)c or a deposit of negotiable securities as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑2(4)d, the clerk of superior court may, on application of the personal representative, order that such real estate or negotiable securities,  or a part thereof, be released upon the substitution therefor of other security in compliance with G.S. 28A‑8‑2(4)a, (4)c, or (4)d. Such substitution may be allowed in conjunction with any other modification of bond requirements permitted by this section.
"§ 28A‑8‑4.  Failure to give additional bond; letters revoked.
If any personal representative fails to give an additional bond or new bond or to furnish additional security as ordered by the clerk of superior court pursuant to the provisions of this Article, within the time specified in any such  order (not less than five days or more than 15 days), the clerk of superior court shall proceed as provided in G.S. 28A‑9‑2.
"§ 28A‑8‑5.  Rights of surety in danger of loss.
Any surety on the bond of a personal representative who is in danger of loss under the surety's suretyship may file  a verified petition  with the clerk of superior court setting forth the facts, and asking that such personal representative be removed from office, or that  the personal representative be required to give security to indemnify the petitioner against apprehended loss, or that the petitioner be discharged as surety and be released from liability for any future breach of the bond. The clerk of superior court shall  conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter. If, upon the hearing, the clerk of superior court determines that the surety is entitled to relief,  the clerk may grant the same in such manner as to serve the best interest of the estate. In any event, however, the previous surety shall not be released from liability for any breach of duty by the personal representative occurring prior to the filing of bond with a new surety unless the new surety assumes liability for the earlier breaches.
"§ 28A‑8‑6.  Action against obligors on bond of personal representative.
Any person injured by the breach of any bond given by a personal representative or collector may institute a civil action against one or more of the obligors of the bond and recover such damages as  the person may have sustained. Any successor personal representative, or any other personal representative of the same decedent, may institute such action on behalf of the persons interested in the estate. Any such action against one or more of the obligors of the bond shall be brought in the name of the State of North Carolina and shall be instituted in the county in which letters were issued to the personal representative or collector, and the clerk of superior court shall give notice of the institution of the action in such manner as  the clerk may determine to all other persons shown by  the clerk's records to be interested in the estate. The bond of the personal representative is not void after the first or any subsequent recovery thereon until the entire penalty is recovered. If the plaintiff fails to prevail, costs may be taxed against the person or persons for whose benefit the action on a personal representative's bond is prosecuted.
"Article 9. 
"Revocation of Letters. 
"§ 28A‑9‑1.  Revocation after hearing.
(a)	Grounds. – Letters testamentary, letters of administration, or letters of collection may be revoked after hearing on any of the following grounds:
(1)	The person to whom they were issued was originally disqualified under the provisions of G.S. 28A‑4‑2 or has become disqualified since the issuance of letters.
(2)	The issuance of letters was obtained by false representation  or mistake.
(3)	The person to whom they were issued has violated a fiduciary duty through default or misconduct in the execution of  the person's office, other than acts specified in G.S. 28A‑9‑2.
(4)	The person to whom they were issued has a private interest, whether direct or indirect, that might tend to hinder or be adverse to a fair and proper administration. The relationship upon which the appointment was predicated shall not, in and of itself, constitute such an interest.
(b)	Procedure. –
(1)	The clerk of superior court may, on the clerk's own motion, conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter to determine whether any of the grounds set forth in subsection (a) of this section exist with regard to any personal representative or collector within the jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court.
(2)	Upon the verified petition of any person interested in the  estate for an order finding that any of the grounds set forth in subsection (a)  of this section exist with regard to any personal representative or collector within  the jurisdiction of the clerk of superior court, the clerk shall conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter.
(3)	Notice of the time and date of the hearing shall be given in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter and to such persons  as the clerk of superior court shall determine. If at the hearing the clerk of superior court finds any one of the grounds set forth in subsection (a) of this section to exist,  the clerk of superior court shall revoke the letters issued to such personal representative or collector.
"§ 28A‑9‑2.  Summary revocation.
(a)	Grounds. – Letters testamentary, letters of administration, or letters of collection, shall be revoked by the clerk of superior court without hearing when:
(1)	After letters of administration or collection have been issued, a will is subsequently admitted to probate.
(2)	After letters testamentary have been issued:
a.	The will is set aside, or
b.	A subsequent testamentary paper revoking the appointment of the executor is admitted to probate.
(3)	Any personal representative or collector required to give a new bond or furnish additional security pursuant to G.S. 28A‑8‑3 fails to do so within the time ordered.
(4)	A nonresident personal representative refuses or fails to obey any citation, notice, or process served on  that nonresident personal representative or the process agent of the nonresident personal representative.
(5)	A trustee in bankruptcy, liquidating agent, or receiver has been appointed for any personal representative or collector,  or any personal representative or collector has executed an assignment for the benefit of creditors.
(6)	A personal representative has failed to file an inventory or  an annual account with the clerk of superior court, as required by Article 20 and Article 21 of this Chapter, and proceedings to compel such filing pursuant to G.S. 28A‑20‑2 or 28A‑21‑4 cannot be had because service cannot be completed because the personal representative cannot be found.
(b)	Procedure. – Upon the occurrence of any of the acts set forth in subsection (a) of this section, the clerk of superior court shall enter an order revoking the letters issued to such personal representative or collector and shall cause a copy of the order to be served on  the personal representative or collector or the personal representative's or collector's process agent.
"§ 28A‑9‑3.  Effect of revocation.
Upon entry of the order revoking  a personal representative's or collector's letters, the authority of the personal representative or collector shall cease.  The personal representative or collector shall surrender all assets of the estate under  the control of the personal representative or collector to the personal representative's or collector's successor, or the remaining personal representative or collector or to the clerk of superior court; and shall file an accounting in the form prescribed by Article 21 of this Chapter. A personal representative or collector  whose letters are revoked pursuant to G.S. 28A‑9‑2(a)(1) or 28A‑9‑2(a)(2) shall not thereby incur personal liability for administrative acts performed prior to revocation except as provided in G.S. 28A‑13‑10.
"§ 28A‑9‑4.  Appeal; stay effected.
Any interested person may appeal from the order of the clerk of superior court granting or denying revocation as a special proceeding pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑9(b). The clerk of superior court  may issue a stay of an order revoking the letters upon the appellant posting an appropriate bond set by the clerk until the cause is heard and determined upon appeal.
"§ 28A‑9‑5.  Interlocutory orders.
Pending any proceeding or appeal with respect to revocation of letters, the clerk of superior court may enter such interlocutory orders as are necessary to preserve the assets of the estate.
"§ 28A‑9‑6.  Appointment of successor to personal representative or collector whose letters have been revoked; when not required.
Upon the revocation of letters issued to a sole or last surviving personal representative or collector, the clerk of superior court shall appoint another personal representative or collector as provided by G.S. 28A‑4‑1 to act as  successor to the sole or last surviving personal representative or collector. When two or more personal representatives or collectors have qualified, and the letters of one or more personal representatives or collectors are revoked, leaving in office one or more personal representatives or collectors, the appointment of successors shall not be required unless:
(1)	The clerk of superior court determines, in  the discretion of the clerk of superior court, that it is in the best interest of the estate to appoint a successor or successors to the personal representatives or collectors whose letters have been revoked, or
(2)	In the case of executors, the will so provides.
"§ 28A‑9‑7.  Rights and duties devolve on successor.
After the revocation of letters pursuant to this Article and upon the qualification and appointment of a successor, the substituted personal representative or collector shall succeed to all the powers stated in G.S. 28A‑13‑7.  The substituted personal representative or collector shall be subject to all the duties, responsibilities and liabilities of the original personal representative or collector, other than liabilities arising out of the grounds for revocation.
"Article 10. 
"Resignation. 
"§ 28A‑10‑1.  Clerk's power to accept resignation.
The clerk of superior court in the county where a person has been appointed personal representative shall have the power to accept  that person's resignation.
"§ 28A‑10‑2.  Contents of petition; notice.
(a)	When a personal representative desires to resign  the personal representative's office,  the personal representative shall file a verified petition in the office of the clerk of the superior court, setting forth:
(1)	The facts relating to  the personal representative's appointment and qualifications;
(2)	The names and residences of all interested persons known to  the personal representative;
(3)	A full statement of the reasons why the petitioner should be  permitted to resign  the petitioner's office; and
(4)	A statement that  the personal representative has filed with the clerk of superior court  the personal representative's accounts and a record of  the personal representative's conduct of the office.
(b)	Notice of the petition for resignation, together with the date and time of the hearing thereon, shall be served upon all interested persons named in the petition in such manner as the clerk of superior court shall determine.
"§ 28A‑10‑3.  Statement of account; record of conduct.
When the personal representative files  the personal representative's petition requesting permission to resign  the personal representative's office,  the personal representative shall also file a verified statement of:
(1)	The personal representative's accounts since  that personal representative's qualification, or if  the personal representative has previously filed an account, a statement of  the personal representative's accounts since the date  thereof;
(2)	The assets of the estate and their location;
(3)	The debts and liabilities of the estate;
(4)	All facts and circumstances known to  the personal representative the disclosure of which is necessary for a full and fair assessment of  the personal representative's conduct of the office; and
(5)	All additional facts and circumstances known to  the personal representative the disclosure of which is necessary for a full and fair understanding of all matters concerning the estate.
"§ 28A‑10‑4.  Hearing; order.
The clerk of superior court shall conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter on the petition not sooner than 10 days nor later than 20 days after notice to interested persons pursuant to G.S. 28A‑10‑2(b). If the clerk of superior court finds all the accounts proper, including accounts subsequent to the filing of the petition, and determines that the resignation of the personal representative is in the best interest of the estate and can be allowed, the resignation may be approved subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑10‑5. Except in cases governed by G.S. 28A‑10‑8,  the clerk of superior court shall appoint a successor pursuant to G.S. 28A‑4‑1.
"§ 28A‑10‑5.  When resignation becomes effective.
The resignation shall not become effective until:
(1)	A successor has been duly qualified, unless G.S. 28A‑10‑8 is applicable; and
(2)	The clerk of superior court is satisfied that the accounts of the personal representative are true and correct; and
(3)	The personal representative has accounted to  the personal representative's successor in full for all assets of the estate, or if pursuant to G.S. 28A‑10‑8 no successor is appointed, to the remaining personal representative or representatives, and  the personal representative's final account has been filed with and approved by the clerk of superior court.
"§ 28A‑10‑6.  Appeal; stay effected.
Any interested person who has appeared at the hearing and objected to the order of the clerk of superior court granting or denying resignation may appeal  an order denying or allowing the resignation as a special proceeding pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2‑9(b). The clerk of superior court  may issue a stay of an order allowing the resignation upon the appellant posting an appropriate bond set by the clerk until the cause is heard and determined upon appeal.
"§ 28A‑10‑7.  Rights and duties devolve on successor.
Upon the qualification and appointment of a successor to a  personal representative whose resignation has been allowed as provided in G.S. 28A‑10‑4, the substituted personal representative shall succeed to all the powers  as provided in G.S. 28A‑13‑7 and shall also be subject to all the duties, responsibilities, and liabilities  as provided in Article 13.
"§ 28A‑10‑8.  When appointment of successor to personal representative who has resigned is not required.
When two or more personal representatives have qualified, and one or more personal representatives resign pursuant to this Article, leaving in office one or more personal representatives, the appointment of successors shall not be required unless:
(1)	The clerk of superior court determines, in  the clerk's discretion, that it is in the best interest of the estate to appoint a successor or successors to the personal representative or representatives who have resigned, or
(2)	In the case of executors, the will so provides.
"Article 11. 
"Collectors. 
"§ 28A‑11‑1.  Appointment and qualifications of collectors.
When for any reason other than a situation provided for in  Chapter 28B or Chapter 28C entitled "Estates of Absentees in Military  Service" and "Estates of Missing Persons" a delay is encountered in the issuance of letters to a personal representative or when, in any case, the clerk of superior court finds that the best interest of the  estate would be served by the appointment of a collector,  the clerk of superior court may issue letters of collection to any person or persons not disqualified to act as a personal representative under G.S. 28A‑4‑2.
"§ 28A‑11‑2.  Oath and bond.
Every collector shall take an oath as prescribed in G.S. 28A‑7‑1 and give bond as required in Article 8 of this Chapter for personal representatives.
"§ 28A‑11‑3.  Duties and powers of collectors.
(a)	Every collector shall:
(1)	Take such possession, custody, or control of the personal property of the decedent as in the exercise of reasonable judgment  the collector deems necessary to its preservation;
(2)	Publish notices to creditors as provided by Article 14 of this Chapter;
(3)	Collect claims payable to the estate;
(4)	Maintain and defend actions in behalf of the estate;
(5)	File inventories, accounts, and other reports in the same manner as is required of personal representatives;
(6)	Renew obligations of the decedent in the same manner as the personal representative is allowed to do under the provisions of Article 13 of this Chapter; and
(7)	Under the express direction and supervision of the clerk of superior court, possess, exercise and perform all other powers, duties and liabilities given to personal representatives by Article 13 of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑11‑4.  When collectors' powers cease; settlement of accounts.
(a)	When letters testamentary or letters of administration are issued, or when in any case the clerk of superior court terminates the appointment of the collector, the powers of the collector cease.
(b)	Upon the termination of  the collector's appointment, the collector shall surrender to the personal representative or to the person otherwise entitled thereto or to the clerk all assets of the estate under this control and shall file with the clerk a verified statement of:
(1)	 The collector's accounts since  the collector's qualification, or if  the collector has previously filed an account, a statement of  the collector's accounts since the date  thereof;
(2)	The assets of the estate and their location;
(3)	The debts and liabilities of the estate;
(4)	All facts and circumstances known to  the collector the disclosure of which is necessary for a full and fair assessment of  the collector's conduct of the office; and
(5)	All additional facts and circumstances known to  the collector the disclosure of which is necessary for a full and fair understanding of all matters concerning the estate.
(c)	The clerk of superior court shall examine the account of the  collector and if the clerk finds all of the accounts proper,  the clerk shall by order approve the account.
"§ 28A‑11‑5.  Compensation.
A collector shall be compensated in accordance with Article 23 of this Chapter.
"Article 12. 
"Public Administrator. 
"§ 28A‑12‑1.  Appointment and term.
There shall be a public administrator in every county, appointed by the clerk of superior court, with the written approval of the senior resident superior court judge of the district in which the  appointment is made, for a term of four years.
"§ 28A‑12‑2.  Oath of office.
The public administrator shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation in the form provided in G.S. 11‑11 for administrators and in the manner provided in G.S. 28A‑7‑1; and the oath or affirmation so taken and subscribed shall be filed in the office of the clerk of superior court.
"§ 28A‑12‑3.  Qualification and bond.
(a)	The public administrator shall qualify and give bond with regard to each estate administered by  the public administrator as provided in Article 8 of this Chapter, at the expense of such estate.
(b)	As an alternative to and in lieu of the bonding requirement provided in subsection (a), the administrator may, in the discretion of the clerk of superior court, enter into a single permanent bond, secured by any of the methods provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑2(4), payable to the State of North Carolina, conditioned upon the faithful performance of the duties of  the administrator's office and obedience to all lawful orders of the clerk of superior court or other court touching the administration of any estate committed to  the administrator. The amount of the permanent bond shall be determined by the clerk, based on the total value of all the estates administered by the public administrator, and may be increased or decreased from time to time as the clerk determines is necessary. The expense of the bond shall be borne by the estates administered by the administrator, as determined by the clerk.
"§ 28A‑12‑4.  When public administrator shall apply for letters.
The public administrator shall apply for and may, with the  approval of the clerk of superior court, obtain letters on the estates of decedents when:
(1)	It is brought to  the public administrator's attention that a period of six months has  elapsed from the death of any decedent who has died owning property, and no letters testamentary, or letters of administration or collection, have been applied for or issued to any person; or
(2)	Any person without known heirs shall die intestate owning property; or
(3)	Any person entitled to apply for letters of administration shall, in writing, request the clerk to issue letters to the  public administrator as provided in G.S. 28A‑5‑2(c).
"§ 28A‑12‑5.  Powers and duties.
(a)	The public administrator shall have, in respect to the several estates in  the public administrator's hands, all the rights and powers and shall be subject to all the duties and liabilities of other personal representatives.
(b)	After the expiration of the term of office of a public administrator or  the public administrator's resignation as public administrator,  the public administrator shall continue, subject to the provisions of Articles 9 and 10 of this Chapter, to administer the several estates previously committed to  the public administrator until  the public administrator has fully administered the same, and  the public administrator's bonds shall continue in effect as to all such estates.
"§ 28A‑12‑6.  Removal from office.
If letters of administration issued to the public administrator with respect to any estate are subsequently revoked on the grounds that they were obtained by false representation as provided in G.S. 28A‑9‑1(a)(2), or on the grounds as specified in G.S. 28A‑9‑1(a)(1), 28A‑9‑1(a)(3), 28A‑9‑2(a)(3), 28A‑9‑2(a)(5), or 28A‑9‑2(a)(6) or if  the public administrator becomes a nonresident of the State, the clerk of superior court shall order the removal of the public administrator from  office upon notice and hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑12‑7.  Procedure after removal from office.
The clerk of superior court shall require of any public administrator who is removed from office pursuant to G.S. 28A‑12‑6 a complete accounting of all  of the public administrator's activities as public administrator and for the property remaining under  the public administrator's control by reason of  the public administrator's appointment under this Article as administrator of any estate that has not been fully administered at the time of  the public administrator's removal. If it appears to the clerk of superior court that grounds exist for revocation of letters of administration issued with respect to any such estate,  the clerk shall proceed in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of this Chapter. If letters of administration are revoked pursuant to such proceedings, the clerk of superior court shall issue letters of administration to the successor public administrator or to some other  person not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2.
"§ 28A‑12‑8.  Compensation.
A public administrator shall be compensated in accordance with Article 23 of this Chapter.
"Article 13.
"Representative's Powers, Duties and Liabilities.
"§ 28A‑13‑1.  Time of accrual of duties and powers.
The duties and powers of a personal representative commence upon  the personal representative's appointment. The powers of a personal representative relate back to give acts by the person appointed which are beneficial to the estate occurring prior to appointment the same effect as those occurring thereafter. However, a person named executor in a will may, prior to appointment, carry out written instructions of the decedent relating to the decedent's body, funeral and burial arrangements; provided that a health care agent authorized in a valid health care power of attorney to make body, funeral, and burial arrangements shall have precedence in making these arrangements, both before and after qualification of the decedent's personal representative, to the extent provided in G.S. 32A‑19(b). A personal representative may ratify and accept acts on behalf of the estate done by others where the acts would have been proper for a personal representative.
"§ 28A‑13‑2.  General duties; relation to persons interested in estate.
A personal representative is a fiduciary who, in addition to the specific duties stated in this Chapter, is under a general duty to settle the estate of  the personal representative's decedent as expeditiously and with as little sacrifice of value as is reasonable under all of the circumstances.  A personal representative shall use the authority and powers conferred upon  the personal representative by this Chapter, by the terms of the will under which the personal representative is acting, by any order of court in proceedings to which  the personal representative is party, and by the rules generally applicable to fiduciaries, for the best interests of all persons interested in the estate, and with due regard for their respective rights.
"§ 28A‑13‑3.  Powers of a personal representative or fiduciary.
(a)	Except as qualified by express limitations imposed in a will of the decedent or a court order, and subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑13‑6 respecting the powers of joint personal representatives, a personal representative has the power to perform in a reasonable and prudent manner every act which a reasonable and prudent person would perform incident to the collection, preservation, liquidation or distribution of a decedent's estate so as to accomplish the desired result of settling and distributing the decedent's estate in a safe, orderly, accurate and expeditious manner as provided by law, including the powers specified in the following subdivisions:
(1)	To take possession, custody or control of the personal property of the decedent. If in the opinion of the personal representative  the personal representative's possession, custody or control of such property is not necessary for purposes of administration, such property may be left with or surrendered to the heir or devisee presumptively entitled thereto.  The personal representative has the power to take possession, custody or control of the real property of the decedent if  the personal representative determines such possession, custody or control is in the best interest of the administration of the  estate, including the power to eject occupants of real property. Prior to exercising such power over real property the procedure as set out in subsection G.S. 28A‑13‑3(c) shall be  followed, except with respect to real property that is devised to the personal representative in the decedent's will or title to which is acquired by the personal representative during the estate administration, in which case the personal representative shall be immediately entitled to custody, possession, and control, and may institute an estate proceeding under subsection (d) of this section to enforce those rights. If the personal representative determines that such possession, custody or control is not in the best interest of the administration of the estate such property may be left with or surrendered to the heir or devisee presumptively entitled thereto.
(2)	To retain assets owned by the decedent pending distribution or liquidation even though such assets may include items which are otherwise improper for investment of trust funds.
(3)	To receive assets from other fiduciaries or other sources.
(4)	To complete performance of contracts entered into by the decedent that continue as obligations of  the decedent's estate, or to refuse to complete such contracts, as the personal representative may determine to be in the best interests of the estate, but such refusal shall not limit any cause of action which might have been maintained against decedent if  the decedent had refused to complete such contract. In respect to enforceable contracts by the decedent to convey an interest in land, the provisions of G.S. 28A‑17‑9 are controlling.
(5)	To deposit, as a fiduciary, funds of the estate in a bank, including a bank operated by the personal representative pursuant to G.S. 53‑163.1.
(6)	To make, as a fiduciary, any form of investment allowed by law to the State Treasurer under G.S. 147‑69.1, with funds of the estate, when such are not needed to meet debts and expenses immediately payable and are not immediately distributable, including money received from the sale of other assets; or to enter into other short‑term loan arrangements that may be appropriate for use by trustees or beneficiaries generally. Provided, that in addition to the types of investments hereby authorized, deposits in interest‑bearing accounts of any credit union authorized to do business in this State, when such deposits are insured in the same manner as required by G.S. 147‑69.1 for deposits in a savings and loan association, are hereby authorized.
(7)	To abandon or relinquish all rights in any property when, in the opinion of the personal representative acting reasonably and in good faith, it is valueless, or is so encumbered or is otherwise in such condition that it is of no benefit to the estate.
(8)	To vote shares of stock or other securities in person or by general or limited proxy, and to execute waivers, consents or objections with respect to such stock or securities.
(9)	To pay calls, assessments, and any other sums chargeable or accruing against or on account of securities.
(10)	To hold shares of stock or other securities in the name of a nominee, without mention of the estate in the instrument representing stock or other securities or in registration records of the issuer thereof; provided, that
a.	The estate records and all reports or accounts rendered by the personal representative clearly show the ownership of the stock or other securities by the personal representative and the facts regarding its holdings, and
b.	The nominee shall not have possession of the stock or other securities or access thereto except under the immediate supervision of the personal representative or when such securities are deposited by the personal representative in a clearing corporation as defined in G.S. 25‑8‑102.
Such personal representative shall be personally liable for any acts or omissions of such nominee in connection with such stock or other securities so held, as if such personal representative had done such acts or been guilty of such omissions.
(11)	To insure, at the expense of the estate, the assets of the estate in  the personal representative's possession, custody or control against damage or loss.
(12)	To borrow money for such periods of time and upon such terms and conditions as to rates, maturities, renewals, and security as the personal representative shall deem advisable, including the power of a corporate personal representative to borrow from its own banking department, for the purpose of paying debts, taxes, and other claims against the estate, and to mortgage, pledge or otherwise encumber such portion of the estate as may be required to secure such loan or loans. In respect to the borrowing of money on the security of the real property of the decedent, G.S. 28A‑17‑11 is controlling.
(13)	To renew obligations of the decedent for the payment of money.
(14)	To advance  the personal representative's own money for the protection of the estate, and for all expenses, losses and liabilities sustained in the administration of the estate or because of the holding or ownership of any estate assets. For such advances, with any interest, the personal representative shall have a lien on the assets of the estate as against a devisee or heir.
(15)	To compromise, adjust, arbitrate, sue on or defend, abandon, or otherwise deal with and settle claims in favor of or against the estate.
(16)	To pay taxes, assessments,  the personal representative's own compensation, and other expenses incident to the collection, care, administration and protection of the assets of the estate in  the personal representative's possession, custody or control.
(17)	To sell or exercise stock subscription or conversion rights; consent, directly or through a committee or other agent, to the reorganization, consolidation, merger, dissolution, or liquidation of a corporation or other business enterprise.
(18)	To allocate items of income or expense to either estate income or principal, as permitted or provided by law.
(19)	To employ persons, including attorneys, auditors, investment advisors, appraisers or agents to advise or assist  the personal representative in the performance of  the personal representative's administrative duties.
(20)	To continue any business or venture in which the decedent was engaged at the date of  the decedent's death, where such continuation is reasonably necessary or desirable to preserve the value, including goodwill, of the decedent's interest in such business. With respect to the use of the decedent's interest in a continuing partnership, the provisions of G.S. 59‑71 and 59‑72 qualify this power; and with respect to farming operations engaged in by the decedent at the time of  the decedent's death, the provisions of G.S. 28A‑13‑4 qualify this power.
(21)	To incorporate or participate in the incorporation of any business or venture in which the decedent was engaged at the time of  the decedent's death.
(22)	To provide for the exoneration of the personal representative from personal liability in any contract entered into on behalf of the estate.
(23)	To maintain actions for the wrongful death of the decedent according to the provisions of Article 18 of this Chapter and to compromise or settle any such claims, whether in litigation or not. Unless all persons who would be entitled to receive any damages recovered under G.S. 28A‑18‑2(b)(4) are competent adults and have consented in writing, any such settlement shall be subject to the approval of a judge of the court or tribunal exercising jurisdiction over the action or a judge of the district or superior court in cases where no action has previously been filed. If the claim is brought under Article 31 of Chapter 143 of the General Statutes, the settlement is subject to the approval of the Industrial Commission in accordance with that Article. It shall be the duty of the personal representative in distributing the proceeds of such settlement in any instance to take into consideration and to make a fair allocation to those claimants for funeral, burial, hospital and medical expenses which would have been payable from damages which might have been recovered had a wrongful death action gone to judgment in favor of the plaintiff.
(24)	To maintain any appropriate action or proceeding to recover possession of any property of the decedent, or to determine the title thereto; to recover damages for any injury done prior to the death of the decedent to any of  the decedent's property; and to recover damages for any injury done subsequent to the death of the decedent to such property.
(25)	To purchase at any public or private sale of any real or personal property belonging to the decedent's estate or securing an obligation of the estate as a fiduciary for the benefit of the estate when, in  the personal representative's opinion, it is necessary to prevent a loss to the estate.
(26)	To sell or lease personal property of the estate in the manner prescribed by the provisions of Article 16 of this Chapter.
(27)	To sell or lease real property of the estate in the manner prescribed by the provisions of Article 17 of this Chapter.
(28)	To enter into agreements with taxing authorities to secure the benefit of the federal marital deduction pursuant to G.S. 28A‑22‑6.
(29)	To pay or satisfy the debts and claims against the decedent's estate in the order and manner prescribed by Article 19 of this Chapter.
(30)	To distribute any sum recovered for the wrongful death of the decedent according to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑18‑2; and to distribute all other assets available for distribution according to the provisions of this Chapter or as otherwise lawfully authorized.
(31)	To exercise such additional lawful powers as are conferred upon the personal representative by the will.
(32)	To execute and deliver all instruments which will accomplish or facilitate the exercise of the powers vested in the personal representative.
(33)	Repealed by Session Laws 2009‑48, s. 10, effective October 1, 2009, and applicable to renunciations and powers of attorney executed on or after that date.
(a1)	Except as qualified by express limitations imposed in a will of the decedent, and subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑13‑6 respecting the powers of joint personal representatives, a personal representative shall have absolute discretion to make the election as to which items of the decedent's personal and household effects shall be excluded from the carry over basis provision of the federal income tax law and such election shall be conclusive and binding on all concerned.
(a2)	Subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑13‑6 respecting the powers of joint personal representatives, a personal representative has the power to renounce in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 31B of the General Statutes.
(b)	Any question arising out of the powers conferred by subsections (a), (a1), and (a2) of this section shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Chapter.
(c)	 Except with respect to real property that is devised to the personal representative in the decedent's will, or title to which is acquired by the personal representative during the estate administration, in which case the personal representative shall be immediately entitled to custody, possession, and control and may institute an estate proceeding under subsection (d) to enforce those rights, prior to the personal representative exercising possession, custody or control over real property of the  estate, the personal representative shall petition the clerk of court to obtain an order authorizing such possession, custody or control. The petition shall include:
(1)	A description of the real property which is the subject of the petition;
(2)	The names, ages, and addresses, if known, of the devisees and heirs of the decedent;
(3)	A statement by the personal representative that  the personal representative has determined that such possession, custody or control is in the best interest of the administration of the estate.
The devisees and heirs will be made parties to the proceeding by service of summons in the manner prescribed by law. If the clerk of court determines that it is in the best interest of the administration of the estate to authorize the personal representative to take possession, custody or  control, the clerk of court shall grant an order authorizing that power. If a special proceeding has been instituted by the personal representative pursuant to G.S. 28A‑15‑1(c), the personal representative may petition for possession, custody, or control of any real property as a part of that proceeding and is not required to institute a separate special proceeding.
(d)	The personal representative shall have the power to institute an estate proceeding pursuant to Article 2 of this Chapter to enforce the rights set forth in this subsection. The clerk of superior court may enter orders necessary to enforce the rights set forth in this subsection. If the person occupying the real property is a tenant or lessee of the property, the personal representative may seek ejectment of the tenant or lessee only pursuant to the provisions of Article 3 of Chapter 42 of the General Statutes.
"§ 28A‑13‑4.  Continuance of farming operations of deceased persons.
When any person dies while engaged in farming operations,  the decedent's personal representative is authorized to continue such farming operations until the end of the current calendar year, and until all crops grown during that year are harvested. The net income from such farming operations shall be personal assets of the estate. Any indebtedness incurred in connection with such farming operations after the date of death shall be preferred over the claims of any heir, legatee, devisee, distributee, general or unsecured creditor of said estate. Nothing herein contained shall limit the powers of a personal  representative under the terms of a will.
"§ 28A‑13‑5.  Personal representatives hold in joint tenancy.
Any estate or interest in property which becomes vested in two or more personal representatives shall be held by them in joint tenancy with the incident of survivorship.
"§ 28A‑13‑6.  Exercise of powers of joint personal representatives by one or more than one.
(a)	Repealed by Session Laws 2005‑192, s. 5, effective January 1, 2006.
(b)	If a will expressly makes provision for the execution of any of the powers of personal representatives by all of them or by any one or more of them, the provisions of the will govern.
(c)	Repealed by Session Laws 2005‑192, s. 5, effective January 1, 2006.
(c1)	If there is no governing provision in the will, personal representatives may, by written agreement signed by all of them and filed with and approved by the clerk of superior court of the county in which the personal representatives qualified, provide that any designated one or more of the personal representatives may exercise one or more of the following powers:
(1)	Establish and maintain bank accounts for the  estate and issue checks for the estate.
(2)	Maintain inventories, accountings, and income and expense records of the estate.
(3)	Enter any safety deposit box rented by the estate.
(4)	Employ persons as advisors or assistants in the performance of administrative duties, including agents, attorneys, accountants, brokers, appraisers, and custodians.
(5)	List estate property for taxes and prepare and file tax returns for the  estate.
(6)	Collect and give receipts for claims and debts of the estate.
(7)	Pay debts, claims, costs of administration, and taxes of the estate.
(8)	Compromise, adjust, or otherwise settle any claim by or against the  estate and release, in whole or in part, a claim belonging to the estate.
(9)	Have custody of the estate property.
(10)	Perform any function relating to investment of estate assets.
(d)	Subject to subsection (b) of this section, if two or more personal representatives own shares of corporate stock or other securities, their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect:
(1)	If only one votes, in person or by proxy, that personal representative's act binds all;
(2)	If more than one vote, in person or by proxy, the act of the majority so voting binds all;
(3)	If more that one vote, in person or by proxy, but the vote is evenly split on any particular matter, each faction is entitled to vote the stock or other securities in question proportionately.
(e)	Subject to subsections (b), (c1), and (d) of this section, all other acts and duties must be performed by both of the personal representatives if there are two, and by a majority of them if there are more than two. No personal representative who has not joined in exercising a power shall be liable for the consequences of such exercise, nor shall a dissenting personal representative be liable for the consequences of an act in which the personal representative joins at the direction of the majority of the personal representatives, if that personal representative expressed his or her  dissent in writing to any other personal representative at or before the time of such joinder.
(f)	No personal representative shall be relieved of liability on his or her bond or otherwise by entering into any agreement under this section.
"§ 28A‑13‑7.  Powers and duties of successor personal representative.
A successor personal representative is one appointed to succeed a personal representative whose appointment has terminated by  death, resignation or revocation. Unless a contrary intent clearly appears from the will, a successor personal representative has all the powers and duties, discretionary or otherwise, of the original personal representative.
"§ 28A‑13‑8.  Powers and duties of administrator with will annexed.
When an administrator with the will annexed has been appointed, whether or not  the administrator is succeeding a previously appointed personal representative,  that administrator has the same powers and duties, discretionary or otherwise, as if  the administrator had been named executor in the will, unless a contrary intent clearly appears from the will.
"§ 28A‑13‑9.  Powers of surviving personal representative.
When one or more of those nominated as coexecutors in a will is not appointed, or when the appointment of one or more joint personal representatives is terminated, every power granted to such joint personal representatives may be exercised by the surviving representative or representatives; provided that nothing to the contrary appears in the will of a testate decedent.
"§ 28A‑13‑10.  Liability of personal representative.
(a)	Property of Estate. – A personal representative shall be liable for and chargeable in  the personal representative's accounts with all of the estate of the decedent which comes into  the personal representative's possession at any time, including all the income therefrom; but  the personal representative shall not be liable for any debts due to the decedent or other assets of the estate which remain uncollected without  the personal representative's fault. Except for commissions allowable by law,  the personal representative shall not be entitled to any profits caused by an increase in values, nor be chargeable with loss by a decrease in value or destruction without  the personal representative's fault, of any part of the estate.
(b)	Property Not a Part of Estate. – A personal representative shall be chargeable in  the personal representative's accounts with property not a part of the estate which comes into  the personal representative's possession at any time and shall be liable to the persons entitled thereto if:
(1)	The property was received under a duty imposed on  the personal representative by law in the capacity of personal representative; or
(2)	 The personal representative has commingled such property with the assets of the estate.
(c)	Breach of Duty. – A personal representative shall be liable and chargeable in  the personal representative's accounts for any loss to the estate arising from  the personal representative's embezzlement or commingling of the estate with other property; for loss to the estate through self‑dealing; for any loss to the estate from wrongful acts or omissions of  the personal representative's joint personal representatives  which  the personal representative could have prevented by the exercise of ordinary care; and for any loss to the estate arising from  the personal representative's failure to act in good faith and with such care, foresight and diligence as an ordinarily reasonable and prudent  person would act with  the ordinarily reasonable and prudent person's own property under like  circumstances. If the exercise of power concerning the estate is improper, the personal representative is liable for breach of fiduciary duty to interested persons for resulting damage or loss to the same extent as a trustee of an express trust.
"Article 14.
"Notice to Creditors.
"§ 28A‑14‑1.  Notice for claims.
(a)	Every personal representative and collector after the granting of letters shall notify all persons, firms and corporations having claims against the decedent to present the same to such personal representative or collector, on or before a day to be named in such notice, which day must be at least three months from the day of the first publication or posting of such notice. The notice shall set out a mailing address for the personal representative or collector. The notice shall be published once a week for four consecutive weeks in a newspaper qualified to publish legal advertisements, if any such newspaper is published in the county. If there is no newspaper published in the county, but there is a newspaper having general circulation in the county, then at the option of the personal representative, or collector, the notice shall be published once a week for four consecutive weeks in the newspaper having general circulation in the county and posted at the courthouse or the notice shall be posted at the courthouse and four other public places in the county. Personal representatives are not required to publish or mail notice to creditors if the only asset of the estate consists of a claim for damages arising from death by wrongful act. When any collector or personal representative of an estate has published or mailed the notice provided for by this section, no further publication or mailing shall be required by any other collector or personal representative.
(b)	Prior to filing the proof of notice required by G.S. 28A‑14‑2, every personal representative and collector shall personally deliver or send by first class mail to the last known address a copy of the notice required by subsection (a) of this section to all persons, firms, and corporations having unsatisfied claims against the decedent who are actually known or can be reasonably ascertained by the personal representative or collector within 75 days after the granting of letters. Provided, however, no notice shall be required to be delivered or mailed with respect to any claim that is recognized as a valid claim by the personal representative or collector.
(c)	The personal representative or collector may personally deliver or mail by first class mail a copy of the notice required by subsection (a) of this section to all creditors of the estate whose names and addresses can be ascertained with reasonable diligence. If the personal representative or collector in good faith believes that the notice required by subsection (b) of this section to a particular creditor is or may be required and gives notice based on that belief, the personal representative or collector is not liable to any person for giving the notice, whether or not the notice is actually required by subsection (b) of this section. If the personal representative or collector in good faith fails to give notice required by subsection (b) of this section, the personal representative or collector is not liable to any person for such failure.
"§ 28A‑14‑1.1.  Validation of certain notices.
(a)	Any notice to creditors published or posted under G.S. 28A‑14‑1 which did not, in the advertisement, name the day after which claims could not be presented is validated.
(b)	This section applies to all notices published and posted between October 1, 1975, and January 1, 1991, except that it does not affect any pending litigation or any litigation instituted within 90 days of January 1, 1991.
"§ 28A‑14‑2.  Proof of notice.
A copy of the notice directed by G.S. 28A‑14‑1(a) to be posted or published, together with an affidavit or affidavits of one of the persons authorized by G.S. 1‑600(a) to make affidavits to the effect that such notice was posted or published in accordance with G.S. 28A‑14‑1(a), and an affidavit of the personal representative or collector, or the attorney for the personal representative or collector, to the effect that a copy of the notice was personally delivered or mailed to each creditor entitled to notice in accordance with G.S. 28A‑14‑1(b) shall be filed in the office of the clerk of superior court by the personal representative or collector at the time the inventory required by G.S. 28A‑20‑1 is filed. The copy of the notice, together with the affidavit or affidavits, shall be deemed a record of the court and a copy thereof, duly certified by the clerk of superior court, shall be received as prima facie evidence of the fact of publication or mailing in all the courts of this State.
"§ 28A‑14‑3.  Personal notice to creditor.
The personal representative or collector may cause the notice to be personally served on any creditor.
"Article 15.
"Assets; Discovery of Assets.
"§ 28A‑15‑1.  Assets of the estate generally.
(a)	All of the real and personal property, both legal and equitable, of a decedent shall be assets available for the discharge of debts and other claims against  the decedent's estate in the absence of a statute expressly excluding any such property. Provided that before real property is selected the personal representative must determine that such selection is in the best interest of the administration of the estate.
(b)	In determining what property of the estate shall be sold, leased, pledged, mortgaged or exchanged for the payment of the debts of the decedent and other claims against  the decedent's estate, the personal representative shall select the assets which in  the personal representative's judgment are calculated to promote the best interests of the estate. In the selection of assets for this purpose, there shall be no necessary distinction between real and personal property, absent any contrary provision in the will.
(c)	If it shall be determined by the personal representative that it is in the best interest of the administration of the estate to sell, lease, or mortgage any real estate or interest therein to obtain money for the payment of debts and other claims against the decedent's estate, the personal representative shall institute a special proceeding before the clerk of superior court for such purpose pursuant to Article 17 of this Chapter, except that no such proceeding shall be required for a sale made pursuant to authority given by will. A general provision granting authority to the personal representative to sell the testator's real property, or incorporation by reference of the provisions of G.S. 32‑27(2) shall be sufficient to eliminate the necessity for a proceeding under Article 17. If a special proceeding has been instituted by the personal representative pursuant to G.S. 28A‑13‑3(c), the personal representative may petition for sale, lease, or mortgage of any real property as a part of that proceeding and is not required to institute a separate special proceeding.
(d)	The crops of every deceased person, remaining ungathered at  the person's death, shall, in all cases, belong to the personal representative or collector, as part of the personal assets of the decedent's estate; and shall not pass to the devisee by virtue of any devise of the land, unless such intent be manifest and specified in the will.
"§ 28A‑15‑2.  Title and possession of property.
(a)	Personal Property. – Subsequent to the death of the decedent and prior to the appointment and qualification of the personal representative or collector, the title and the right of possession of personal property of the decedent is vested in  the decedent's heirs; but upon the appointment and qualification of the personal representative or collector, the heirs shall be divested of such title and right of possession which shall be vested in the personal representative or collector relating back to the time of the decedent's death for purposes of administering the estate of the decedent. But, if in the opinion of the personal representative,  the personal representative's possession, custody and control of any item of personal property is not necessary for purposes of administration, such possession, custody and control may be left with or surrendered to the heir or devisee presumptively entitled thereto.
(b)	Real Property. – The title to real property of a decedent is vested in  the decedent's heirs as of the time of  the decedent's death; but the title to real property of a decedent devised under a valid probated will becomes vested in the devisees and shall relate back to the decedent's death,  subject to the provisions of G.S. 31‑39.
"§ 28A‑15‑3.  Nonexoneration of encumbered property.
When real or personal property subject to any lien or security interest, except judgment liens, is specifically devised, the devisee takes the property subject to the encumbrance and without a right to have other assets of the decedent applied to discharge the secured obligation, unless an express provision of the will confers such right of exoneration. A general testamentary direction to pay the debts of the decedent is not sufficient to confer such right.
"§ 28A‑15‑4.  Encumbered assets.
When any assets of the estate are encumbered by mortgage, pledge, lien or other security interest, the personal representative may pay the encumbrance or any part thereof, renew or extend any obligation secured by the encumbrance, or convey or transfer the encumbered assets to the creditor in satisfaction of  the creditor's lien, in whole or in part, whether or not the holder of the encumbrance has filed a claim, if it appears to be for the best interest of the estate; provided that payment of an encumbrance shall not increase the share of the distributee entitled to the encumbered assets unless the distributee is entitled to exoneration by express provisions of the will.
"§ 28A‑15‑5.  Order in which assets appropriated; abatement.
(a)	General Rules. – In the absence of testamentary indication as to the order of abatement, or some other controlling statute, shares of devisees and of heirs abate, without any preference or priority as between real and personal property, in the following order:
(1)	Property not disposed of by the will;
(2)	Residuary devises;
(3)	General devises;
(4)	Specific devises.
For purposes of abatement, a demonstrative devise of money or property payable out of or charged on a particular fund or other property is treated as a specific devise; but if the particular fund or property out of which the demonstrative devise is to be paid is nonexistent or  insufficient at the death of the testator, the deficiency is to be payable out of the general estate of the decedent and is to be regarded as a general devise and must abate pro rata with other general devises. Abatement within each classification is in proportion to the amounts of property each of the beneficiaries would have received, had full distribution of the property been made in accordance with the terms of the will.
(b)	Abatement; Sales; Contribution. – When property which has been specifically devised is sold, leased, or mortgaged, or a security therein is created, by the personal representative, abatement shall be achieved by ratable adjustments in, or contributions from other interest in the remaining assets. The clerk of superior court shall, at the time of the hearing on the petition for final distribution, determine the amounts of the respective contributions and whether the same shall be made before distribution or shall constitute a lien on specific property which is distributed.
"§ 28A‑15‑6.  Federal income tax refunds – joint returns.
Upon the determination by the United States Treasury Department of an overpayment of income tax by a married couple filing  a joint federal income tax return, one of whom has died since the filing of such return or where a joint federal income tax return is filed on behalf of a husband and wife, one of whom has died prior to the filing of the return, any refund of the tax by reason of such overpayment, if not in excess of five hundred dollars ($500.00), shall be the sole and separate property of the surviving spouse. In the event that both spouses are dead at the time such overpayment is determined, such refund, if not in excess of five hundred dollars ($500.00), shall be the sole and separate property of the estate of the spouse who died last and may be paid directly by the Treasury Department to the executor or administrator of such estate, or to the person entitled to the possession of the assets of a small estate pursuant to the provisions of Article 25 of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑15‑7.  Federal income tax refunds – separate returns.
Upon the determination by the United States Treasury Department of an overpayment of income tax by any married person filing a separate return, any refund of the tax by reason of such overpayment, if not in excess of two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00),  exclusive of interest, shall be the sole and separate property of the  surviving spouse, and the United States Treasury Department may pay said sum directly to such surviving spouse, and such payment to the extent thereof shall operate as a complete acquittal and discharge of the United States Treasury Department.
"§ 28A‑15‑8.  State income tax returns.
Upon the determination by the Secretary of Revenue of North Carolina of an overpayment of income tax by any married person, any refund of the tax by reason of such overpayment, if not in excess of two hundred dollars ($200.00) exclusive of interest, shall be the sole and separate property of the surviving spouse, and said Secretary of Revenue may pay said sum directly to such surviving spouse, and such payment to the extent thereof shall operate as a complete acquittal and discharge of the Secretary of Revenue.
"§ 28A‑15‑9.  Excess funds.
If the amount of any refund exceeds the sums specified in G.S. 28A‑15‑6, 28A‑15‑7 or 28A‑15‑8, the sums specified therein and one half of any additional sums shall be the sole and separate property of the surviving spouse. The remaining one half of such additional sums shall be the property of the estate of the decedent spouse.
"§ 28A‑15‑9.1.  Phase II payments.
A Phase II payment as defined in G.S. 28A‑21‑3.1 shall be the property of the distributees paid in accordance with that section.
"§ 28A‑15‑10.  Assets of decedent's estate for limited purposes.
(a)	When needed to satisfy claims against a decedent's estate, assets may be acquired by a personal representative or collector from the following sources:
(1)	Tentative trusts created by the decedent in savings accounts for other persons.
(2)	Gifts causa mortis made by the decedent.
(3)	Joint deposit accounts with right of survivorship created by decedent pursuant to the provisions of G.S. 41‑2.1 or otherwise; and joint tenancies with right of survivorship created by decedent in corporate stocks or other investment securities.
(4)	An interest in a security passing to a beneficiary pursuant to the provisions of Article 4 of Chapter 41 of the General Statutes.
Such assets shall be acquired solely for the purpose of satisfying such claims, however, and shall not be available for distribution to heirs or devisees.
(b)	Where there are not sufficient personal and real assets of the decedent to satisfy all the debts and other claims against  the decedent's estate, the personal representative shall have the right to sue for and recover any and all personal property or real property, or interest therein, which the decedent may in any manner have transferred or conveyed with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud  the decedent's creditors, and any personal property or real property, or interest therein, so recovered shall constitute assets of the estate in the hands of the personal representative for the payment of debts and other claims against the estate of the decedent. But if the alienee has sold the personal property or real property, or interest therein, so fraudulently acquired by  the alienee from the decedent to a bona fide purchaser for value without notice of the fraud, then such personal property or real property, or interest therein, may not be recovered from such bona fide purchaser but the fraudulent alienee shall be liable to the personal representative for the value of the personal property or real property, or interest therein, so acquired and disposed of to a bona fide purchaser. If the whole recovery from the fraudulent alienee shall not be necessary for the payment of the debts and other claims against the estate of the decedent, the surplus shall be returned to such fraudulent alienee or  the fraudulent alienee's assigns.
(c)	Where there has been a recovery in an action for wrongful death, the same shall not be applied to the payment of debts and other claims against the estate of decedent or devises, except as to the payment of reasonable burial and funeral expenses and reasonable hospital and medical expenses incident to the injury resulting in death and as limited and provided in G.S. 28‑18‑2 [G.S. 28A‑18‑2].
"§ 28A‑15‑11.  Debt due from personal representative not discharged by appointment.
The appointment of any person as personal representative does not discharge any debt or demand due from such person to the decedent.
"§ 28A‑15‑12.   Actions to recover property of decedent.
(a)	
(a1)	 A personal representative or collector shall have the right to bring an action to sue for and recover any property of any kind belonging to the estate of the personal representative's decedent, by action filed in the Superior Court Division of the General Court of Justice and shall be entitled to such other provisional remedies as provided for under Subchapter 13 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes.
 (b)	(b1)	A personal representative, collector, or any interested person shall have the right to bring an estates proceeding seeking the examination of any persons reasonably believed to be in possession of property of any kind belonging to the estate of the decedent including a demand for the recovery of such property. An estates proceeding brought under the provisions of this subsection shall be instituted by the filing of a verified petition and shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of this Chapter. The court may enter orders requiring the examination of persons consistent with this subsection and, if the court determines that a person is in possession of property of the estate of the decedent, shall have the authority to order recovery of that property. Orders issued by the clerk of superior court shall be enforceable by proceedings as for contempt of court.
(c)	The party against whom the final judgment is rendered shall be adjudged to pay the costs of the proceedings hereunder.
(d)	The remedies provided in this section shall not be exclusive, but shall be in addition to any remedies which are now or may hereafter be provided.
"§ 28A‑15‑13.  Opening and inventory of decedent's safe‑deposit box.
(a)	Definitions. – The following definitions apply to this section:
(1)	Institution. – Any entity or person having supervision or possession of a safe‑deposit box to which a decedent had access.
(1a)	Deputy. – A person appointed in writing by a lessee or cotenant of a safe‑deposit box as having right of access to the safe‑deposit box without further authority or permission of the lessee or cotenant, in a manner and form designated by the institution.
(2)	Letter of authority. – Letters of administration, letters testamentary, an affidavit of collection of personal property, an order of summary administration, or a letter directed to the institution designating a person entitled to receive the contents of a safe‑deposit box to which the decedent had access. The letter of authority must be signed by the clerk of superior court or by the clerk's representative.
(3)	Qualified person. – A person possessing a letter of authority or a person named as a deputy, lessee or cotenant of the safe‑deposit box to which the decedent had access.
(b)	Presence of Clerk Required. – Any safe‑deposit box to which a decedent had access shall be sealed by the institution having supervision or possession of the box. Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the presence of the clerk of superior court of the county where the safe‑deposit box is located or the presence of the clerk's representative is required before the box may be opened. The clerk or the clerk's representative shall open the safe‑deposit box in the presence of the person possessing a key to the box and a representative of the institution having supervision or possession of the box. The clerk shall make an inventory of the contents of the box and furnish a copy to the institution and to the person possessing a key to the box.
(c)	Presence of Clerk Not Required. – The presence of the clerk of superior court or the clerk's representative is not required when the person requesting the opening of the decedent's safe‑deposit box is a qualified person. In that event, the qualified person shall make an inventory of the contents of the box and furnish a copy to the institution and to the person possessing a key to the box if that person is someone other than the qualified person.
(d)	Testamentary Instrument in Box. – If the safe‑deposit box contains any writing that appears to be a will, codicil, or any other instrument of a testamentary nature, then the clerk of superior court or the qualified person shall file the instrument in the office of the clerk of superior court.
(e)	Release of Contents. – Except as provided in subsection (d) for testamentary instruments, the institution shall not release any contents of the safe‑deposit box to anyone other than a qualified person.
(f)	No Tax Waiver Required. – No tax waiver is required for the release of the contents of the decedent's safe‑deposit box.
"Article 16.
"Sales or Leases of Personal Property.
"§ 28A‑16‑1.  Sales or leases without court order.
(a)	A personal representative has the power to sell, at either a public or private sale, or to lease, personal property of the decedent without a court order.
(b)	A personal representative who sells or leases personal property of the decedent without a court order is not required to file a special report or have the transaction confirmed by the clerk of superior court, or to follow any of the procedure set forth in Article 29A of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, entitled "Judicial Sales," but shall include in  the personal representative's next account, either annual or final, a record of the receipts and disbursements incident to the transaction. 
"§ 28A‑16‑2.  Sales or leases by court order.
(a)	All sales or leases of personal property of the decedent by a collector shall be made only upon order obtained, by motion, from the clerk of superior court.
(b)	A personal representative may, if  the personal representative so desires, request the clerk of superior court to issue to  the personal representative an order to sell or lease personal property of the decedent.
(c)	Sales or leases of personal property of the decedent held pursuant to court order shall be conducted as provided in Article 29A  of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, entitled "Judicial Sales."
(d)	A personal representative may, for  the personal representative's own benefit, purchase or lease personal property belonging to the decedent at a public sale conducted under an order of the clerk of superior court, if the transaction is reported to the clerk of superior court and confirmed by  the clerk of superior court.
"§ 28A‑16‑3.  Sales of household furnishings.
If the decedent is survived by a spouse, no sale or lease shall be made of the household furnishings in the usual dwelling house occupied by the surviving spouse at the time of the death of the deceased spouse, if such dwelling house was owned by the deceased spouse at the time of his or her death, until the expiration of the time limits set forth in G.S. 29‑30(c) for the filing by the surviving spouse of an election in regard to the property of the decedent.
"Article 17. 
"Sales, Leases or Mortgages of Real Property. 
"§ 28A‑17‑1.  Sales of real property.
Pursuant to authority contained in G.S. 28A‑15‑1 the personal representative may, at any time, apply to the clerk of superior court of the county where the decedent's real property or some part thereof is situated, by petition, to sell such real property for the payment of debts and other claims against the decedent's estate.
"§ 28A‑17‑2.  Contents of petition for sale.
The petition to sell real property shall include:
(1)	A description of the real property and interest therein sought to be sold;
(2)	The names, ages and addresses, if known, of the devisees and heirs of the decedent;
(3)	A statement that the personal representative has determined that it is in the best interest of the administration of the estate to sell the real property sought to be sold.
"§ 28A‑17‑3.  Petition for partition.
When it is alleged that the real property of the decedent sought to be sold consists in whole or in part of an undivided interest in real property, the personal representative of the decedent may include, in the petition to sell the real property for the payment of debts and other claims against the decedent's estate, a request for partition of the lands sought to be sold.
"§ 28A‑17‑4.  Heirs and devisees necessary parties.
No order to sell real property shall be granted until the heirs and devisees of the decedent have been made parties to the special proceeding by service of summons in the manner required by law, in accordance with G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4. Upon such service, the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem for heirs and devisees who are unknown or whose addresses are unknown, and summons shall issue to  the guardian ad litem as such. The guardian ad litem shall file answer for such heirs and devisees and defend for them, and  the guardian ad litem shall be paid such sum as the court may fix, to be paid as costs of the proceeding.
"§ 28A‑17‑5.  Property subject to sale; conveyance by deceased in fraud of creditors.
The real property subject to sale under this Article shall include real property recovered from a fraudulent alienee pursuant to G.S. 28A‑15‑10(b).
"§ 28A‑17‑6.  Adverse claimant to be heard; procedure.
When the real property sought to be sold, or any interest therein, is claimed by another person, such claimant may be made a party to the proceeding, and in any event may become a party upon  the claimant's own motion. When an issue of law or fact is joined between the parties, the procedure shall be as prescribed for other special proceedings.
"§ 28A‑17‑7.  Order granted if petition not denied; public or private sale; procedure for sale.
If, by default or admission, the allegations in the petition are not controverted, the clerk of superior court may summarily order a sale. The procedure for the sale shall be as is provided in Article 29A of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, entitled "Judicial Sales." If it is made to appear to the clerk by petition and by satisfactory proof that it will be for the best interest of the estate to sell by private sale, the clerk may authorize a private sale in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 1‑339.33 through 1‑339.40.
"§ 28A‑17‑8.  Under power in will, sales public or private.
Sales of real property made pursuant to authority given by will may be either public or private, unless the will otherwise directs, and may be on such terms as in the opinion of the personal representative are most advantageous to those interested in the decedent's estate.
"§ 28A‑17‑9.  Death of vendor under contract; representative to convey.
When any decedent has contracted to sell any real property and has given bond or other enforceable written contract to the purchaser to convey the same,  the decedent's personal representative may execute  and deliver a deed to such real property and such deed shall convey the title as fully as if it had been executed and delivered by the decedent. No deed shall be made unless the purchaser complies with the terms of the bond or other written contract. If the contract for conveyance requires the giving of a warranty deed, the deed given by the personal representative shall contain such warranties as required by the contract and the warranties shall be binding on the estate and not on the personal representative personally.
"§ 28A‑17‑10.  Title in personal representative for estate; he or successor to convey.
When real property is conveyed to a personal representative for the benefit of the estate  the personal representative represents,  the personal representative or any successor personal representative may sell and convey it upon such terms as  the personal representative may deem just and for the advantage of the estate. The procedure shall be as is provided in Article 29A of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, entitled "Judicial Sales." If it is made to appear to the clerk of superior court by petition and by satisfactory proof that it will be for the best interest of the estate to sell by private sale, the clerk may authorize a private sale in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 1‑339.33 through 1‑339.40.
"§ 28A‑17‑11.  Personal representative may lease or mortgage.
In lieu of asking for an order of sale of real property, the personal representative may request the clerk of superior court to issue to  the personal representative an order to lease or to mortgage real property of the decedent. The clerk of superior court is authorized to issue an order to lease or mortgage on such terms as  the clerk deems to be in the best interest of the estate.
"§ 28A‑17‑12.  Sale, lease or mortgage of real property by heirs or devisees.
(a)	If the first publication or posting of the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1 occurs within two years after the death of the decedent:
(1)	All sales, leases or mortgages of real property by heirs or devisees of any resident or nonresident decedent made after the death of the decedent and before the first publication or posting of the general notice to creditors are void as to creditors and personal representatives; and
(2)	All sales, leases or mortgages of real property by heirs or devisees of any resident or nonresident decedent made after such first publication or posting and before approval of the  final account shall be void as to creditors and personal representatives unless the personal representative joins in the sale, lease or mortgage.
(b)	If the first publication or posting of the general notice to  creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1 does not occur within two years after the death of the decedent, all sales, leases or mortgages of real property by heirs or devisees of any resident or nonresident decedent shall be valid as to creditors and personal representatives of the decedent.
"§ 28A‑17‑13.  Prior validating acts.
Chapter 70 of the Public Laws of 1923, Chapter 48 of the Public Laws of 1925, Chapter 146 of the Public Laws of 1931, and Chapters 31 and 381 of the Public Laws of 1935, all validating certain prior sales of real property by executors or administrators and heretofore codified as G.S. 28‑100 through 28‑104, shall remain in full force and effect, though no longer carried forward as part of the General Statutes.
"Article 18. 
"Actions and Proceedings. 
"§ 28A‑18‑1.  Survival of actions to and against personal representative.
(a)	Upon the death of any person, all demands whatsoever, and rights to prosecute or defend any action or special proceeding, existing in favor of or against such person, except as provided in subsection (b) hereof, shall survive to and against the personal representative or collector of  the person's estate.
(b)	The following rights of action in favor of a decedent do not survive:
(1)	Causes of action for libel and for slander, except slander of title;
(2)	Causes of action for false imprisonment;
(3)	Causes of action where the relief sought could not be enjoyed, or granting it would be nugatory after death.
"§ 28A‑18‑2.  Death by wrongful act of another; recovery not assets.
(a)	When the death of a person is caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default of another, such as would, if the injured person had lived, have entitled  the injured person to an action for damages therefor, the person or corporation that would have been so liable, and  the personal representatives or  collectors of the person or corporation that would have been so liable, shall be liable to an action for damages, to be brought by the personal representative or collector of the decedent; and this notwithstanding the death, and although the wrongful act, neglect or default, causing the death, amounts in law to a felony. The personal representative or collector of the decedent who pursues an action under this section may pay from the assets of the estate the reasonable and necessary expenses, not including attorneys' fees, incurred in pursuing the action. At the termination of the action, any amount recovered shall be applied first to the reimbursement of the estate for the expenses incurred in pursuing the action, then to the payment of attorneys' fees, and shall then be distributed as provided in this section. The amount recovered in such action is not liable to be applied as assets, in the payment of debts or legacies, except as to burial expenses of the deceased, and reasonable hospital and medical expenses not exceeding four thousand five hundred dollars ($4,500) incident to the injury resulting in death, except that the amount applied for hospital and medical expenses shall not exceed fifty percent (50%) of the amount of damages recovered after deducting attorneys' fees, but shall be disposed of as provided in the Intestate Succession Act. The limitations on recovery for hospital and medical expenses under this subsection do not apply to subrogation rights exercised pursuant to G.S. 135‑40.13A. All claims filed for such services shall be approved by the clerk of the superior court and any party adversely affected by any decision of said clerk as to said claim may appeal to the superior court in term time.
(b)	Damages recoverable for death by wrongful act include:
(1)	Expenses for care, treatment and hospitalization incident to the injury resulting in death;
(2)	Compensation for pain and suffering of the decedent;
(3)	The reasonable funeral expenses of the decedent;
(4)	The present monetary value of the decedent to the persons entitled to receive the damages recovered, including but not limited to compensation for the loss of the reasonably expected;
a.	Net income of the decedent,
b.	Services, protection, care and assistance of the decedent, whether voluntary or obligatory, to the persons entitled to the damages recovered,
c.	Society, companionship, comfort, guidance, kindly offices and advice of the decedent to the persons entitled to the damages recovered;
(5)	Such punitive damages as the decedent could have recovered pursuant to Chapter 1D of the General Statutes had  the decedent survived, and punitive damages for wrongfully causing the death of the decedent through malice or willful or wanton conduct, as defined in G.S. 1D‑5;
(6)	Nominal damages when the jury so finds.
(c)	All evidence which reasonably tends to establish any of the elements of damages included in subsection (b), or otherwise reasonably tends to establish the present monetary value of the decedent to the persons entitled to receive the damages recovered, is admissible in an action for damages for death by wrongful act.
(d)	In all actions brought under this section the dying declarations of the deceased shall be admissible as provided for in G.S. 8‑51.1.
"§ 28A‑18‑3.  To sue or defend in representative capacity.
All actions and proceedings brought by or against personal  representatives or collectors upon any cause of action or right to which the estate of the decedent is the real party in interest, must be brought by or against them in their representative capacity.
"§ 28A‑18‑4.  Service on or appearance of one binds all.
In actions against personal representatives or collectors, they are all to be considered as one person, representing the decedent; and if the summons is served on one or more, but not all, the plaintiff may proceed against those served, and if  the plaintiff recovers, judgment may be entered against all.
"§ 28A‑18‑5.  When creditors may sue on claim; execution in such action.
An action may be brought by a creditor against the personal representative or collector on a demand at any time after it is due, but no execution shall issue against the personal representative or collector on a judgment therein against  the personal representative or collector without leave of the court, upon notice of 20 days and upon proof that the defendant has refused to pay such judgment or its ratable part, and such judgment shall be a lien on the property of the estate of the decedent only from the time of such leave granted.
"§ 28A‑18‑6.  Service by publication on executor without bond.
Whenever process may issue against an executor who has not given bond, and the same cannot be served upon  the executor by reason of  the executor's absence or concealment, service of such process may be made by publication in the manner prescribed in other civil actions.
"§ 28A‑18‑7.  Execution by successor in office.
Any personal representative or collector may have execution issued on any judgment recovered by any person who preceded  the personal representative or collector in the administration of the estate, or by the decedent, in the same cases and the same manner as the original plaintiff might have done.
"§ 28A‑18‑8.  Action to continue, though letters revoked.
In case the letters of a personal representative or collector are revoked, pending an action to which  the personal representative or collector is a party, the adverse party may, notwithstanding, continue the action against  the personal representative or collector in order to charge  the personal representative or collector personally. If such party does not elect so to do, within six months after notice of such revocation, the action may be continued against the successor of the personal representative or collector in the administration of the estate, in the same manner as in case of death.
"Article 19. 
"Claims against the Estate. 
"§ 28A‑19‑1.  Manner of presentation of claims.
(a)	A claim against a decedent's estate must be in writing and state the amount or item claimed, or other relief sought, the basis for the claim, and the name and address of the claimant; and must be presented by one of the following methods:
(1)	By delivery in person or by mail to the personal representative, collector or the clerk of superior court. Such claim will be deemed to have been presented from the time of such delivery.
(2)	By mailing, registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the personal representative or collector at the address set out in the general notice to creditors. Such claim will be deemed to have been presented from the time when the return receipt is signed by the personal representative, collector, or  agent of the personal representative or collector, or is refused by the personal representative, collector, or  agent of the personal representative or collector.
(3)	By delivery to the clerk of court of the county in which the  estate is pending, which notice shall be filed in the appropriate estate file and copy mailed first class by the clerk of superior court at the expense of the claimant to the personal representative, collector, or  agent of the personal representative or collector. The claim will be deemed to have been presented from the time of delivery to the clerk of court.
(b)	In an action commenced after the death of the decedent against  the decedent's personal representative or collector as such, the commencement of the action in the court in which such personal representative or collector qualified will constitute the presentation of a claim and no further presentation is necessary. In an action filed in any other court such claim will be deemed to have been presented at the time of the completion of service of process on such personal representative or collector.
(c)	In an action pending against the decedent at the time of  the decedent's death, which action survives at law, the court may order the substitution of the personal  representative or collector for the decedent  on motion therefor and that motion will constitute the presentation of a  claim, provided that substitution occurs within the time specified for the presentation of claims under G.S. 28A‑19‑3 and no further presentation is  necessary. Such claim will be deemed to have been presented from the time of the substitution, or motion therefor.
"§ 28A‑19‑2.  Further information or affidavit of claim may be required.
(a)	If the personal representative or collector so elects,  the personal representative or collector may demand any or all of the following prior to taking action on the claim:
(1)	If the claim is not yet due, that the date when it will become  due be stated;
(2)	If the claim is contingent or unliquidated, that the nature of the uncertainty be stated;
(3)	If the claim is secured, that the security be described.
(b)	Upon any claim being presented against the estate in the manner prescribed in G.S. 28A‑19‑1, the personal representative or collector may require the affidavit of the claimant or other satisfactory evidence that such claim is justly due, that no payments  have been made thereon, and that there are no offsets against the same, to the knowledge of the claimant; or if any payments have been made, or any offsets exist that their nature and amount be shown by the evidence or stated in the affidavit.
"§ 28A‑19‑3.  Limitations on presentation of claims.
(a)	All claims against a decedent's estate which arose before the death of the decedent, except contingent claims based on any warranty made in connection with the conveyance of real estate and claims of the United States and tax claims of the State of North Carolina and subdivisions thereof, whether due or to become due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, secured or unsecured, founded on contract, tort, or other legal basis, which are not presented to the personal representative or collector pursuant to G.S. 28A‑19‑1 by the date specified in the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1(a) or in those cases requiring the delivery or mailing of notice as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1(b), within 90 days after the date of the delivery or mailing of the notice if the expiration of said 90‑day period is later than the date specified in the general notice to creditors, are forever barred against the estate, the personal representative, the collector, the heirs, and the devisees of the decedent. Provided further, if the expiration of said 90‑day period is later than the date specified in the general notice to creditors, the notice delivered or mailed to each creditor, if any, shall be accompanied by a statement which specifies the deadline for filing the claim of the affected creditor.
(b)	All claims against a decedent's estate which arise at or after the death of the decedent, except claims of the United States and tax claims of the State of North Carolina and subdivisions thereof whether due or to become due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, secured or unsecured, founded on contract, tort, or other legal basis are forever barred against the estate, the personal representative, the collector, the heirs, and the devisees of the decedent unless presented to the personal representative or collector as follows:
(1)	With respect to any claim based on a contract with the personal representative or collector, within six months after the date on which performance by the personal representative or collector is due;
(2)	With respect to any claim other than a claim based on a contract with the personal representative or collector, within six months after the date on which the claim arises.
(c)	Except as otherwise provided by subsection (f) of this section, no claim shall be barred by the statute of limitations which was not barred thereby at the time of the decedent's death, if the claim is presented within the period provided by subsection (a) hereof.
(d)	All claims of creditors upon whom there has been personal service of notice as provided in G.S. 28A‑14‑3 are forever barred unless presented to the personal representative or collector within the time and manner set out in this Article.
(e)	Except as otherwise provided by subsection (f) of this section, unless a claim has been presented pursuant to G.S. 28A‑19‑1 giving notice of an action or special proceeding pending against a decedent at the time of  the decedent's death and surviving under G.S. 28A‑18‑1 within the time provided by subsection (a) of this section, no recovery may be had upon any judgment obtained in any such action or proceeding against the estate, the personal representative, the collector, the heirs, and the devisees of the decedent.
(f)	All claims barrable under the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) hereof shall, in any event, be barred if the first publication or posting of the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1 does not occur within three years after the death of the decedent.
(g)	Nothing in this section affects or prevents any action or proceeding to enforce any mortgage, deed of trust, pledge, lien (including judgment lien), or other security interest upon any property of the decedent's estate, but no deficiency judgment will be allowed if the provisions of this section are not complied with.
(h)	The word "claim" as used in this section does not apply to claims of heirs or devisees to their respective shares or interests in the decedent's estate in their capacity as such heirs or devisees.
(i)	Nothing in this section shall bar:
(1)	Any claim alleging the liability of the decedent or personal representative; or
(2)	Any proceeding or action to establish the liability of the decedent or personal representative; or
(3)	The recovery on any judgment against the decedent or personal representative
to the extent that the decedent or personal representative is protected by insurance coverage with respect to such claim, proceeding or judgment or where there is underinsured or uninsured motorist coverage that might extend to such claim, proceeding, or judgment.
(j)	Except as otherwise specifically provided in this section, the limitations on presentation of claims set forth in this section apply to claims by the State of North Carolina, its subdivisions, and its agencies.
"§ 28A‑19‑4.  Payment of claims and charges.
As soon as the personal representative or collector is possessed of sufficient means over and above the other costs of administration,  the personal representative or collector shall pay the year's allowances in the amounts and in the manner prescribed in G.S. 30‑15 to 30‑33. Prior to the date specified in the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1, the personal representative or collector may pay such other claims and charges as  the personal representative or collector deems in the best interest of the estate if the total assets are sufficient to pay all claims and charges against the estate.
"§ 28A‑19‑5.  Contingent or unliquidated claims.
(a)	If a contingent or unliquidated claim becomes absolute before the distribution of the estate of the decedent, it shall be paid in the same manner as absolute claims of the same class. In other cases the clerk of superior court may provide for the payment of contingent or unliquidated claims in any one of the following ways:
(1)	The creditor and the personal representative or collector may determine, by agreement, arbitration, or compromise, the value of the contingent or unliquidated claim, according to its probable present worth, and with the approval of the clerk of superior court, it may be allowed and paid in the same manner as an absolute claim.
(2)	The clerk of superior court may order the personal representative or collector to retain sufficient funds to pay the claim if and when the same becomes absolute, and order distribution of the balance of the estate.
(3)	The clerk of superior court may order distribution of the estate as though the contingent or unliquidated claim did not exist, but the heirs and devisees of the estate of the decedent are liable to the creditor to the extent of the estate received by them, if the contingent or unliquidated claim thereafter becomes absolute; and the court may require  such heirs and devisees to give bond for the performance of their liability to the contingent or unliquidated creditor.
(4)	Such other method as the clerk of superior court may  order, including transfer of a petition filed pursuant to subsection (b) of this section to the superior court trial division for a determination of the validity and priority of that claim.
(b)	With respect to a contingent or unliquidated claim rejected by a personal representative pursuant to G.S. 28A‑19‑16, the claimant may, within the three­month period prescribed by G.S. 28A‑19‑16, file a petition for an order of the clerk of superior court in accordance with subsection (a) of this section, and the clerk shall conduct a hearing in accordance with Article 2 of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑19‑6.  Order of payment of claims.
(a)	After payment of costs and expenses of administration, the claims against the estate of a decedent must be paid in the following order:
First class. Claims which by law have a specific lien on property to an amount not exceeding the value of such property.
Second class. Funeral expenses to the extent of three thousand five hundred dollars ($3,500). This limitation shall not include burial place or gravestone. The preferential limitation herein granted shall be construed to be only a limit with respect to preference of payment and shall not be construed to be a limitation on reasonable funeral expenses which may be incurred; nor shall the preferential limitation of payment in the amount of three thousand five hundred dollars ($3,500) be diminished by any Veterans Administration, social security or other federal governmental benefits awarded to the estate of the decedent or to  the decedent's beneficiaries.
Third class. Costs associated with gravestones and reasonable costs for the purchase of a suitable burial place as provided in G.S. 28A‑19‑9 to the extent of one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500). The preferential limitation herein granted shall be construed to be only a limit with respect to preference of payment and shall not be construed to be a limitation on reasonable gravestone or burial place expenses which may be incurred; nor shall the preferential limitation of payment in the amount of one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) be diminished by any Veterans Administration, social security or other federal governmental benefits awarded to the estate of the decedent or to  the decedent's beneficiaries.
Fourth class. All dues, taxes, and other claims with preference under the laws of the United States.
Fifth class. All dues, taxes, and other claims with preference under the laws of the State of North Carolina and its subdivisions.
Sixth class. Judgments of any court of competent jurisdiction within the State, docketed and in force, to the extent to which they are a lien on the property of the decedent at  the decedent's death. Seventh class. Wages due to any employee employed by the decedent, which claim for wages shall not extend to a period of more than 12 months next preceding the death; or if such employee was employed for the year current at the decease, then from the time of such employment; for medical services within the 12 months preceding the decease; for drugs and all other medical supplies necessary for the treatment of such decedent during the last illness of such decedent, said period of last illness not to exceed 12 months.
Eighth class. A claim for equitable distribution.
Ninth class. All other claims.
(b)	Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, if payment of the commissions of the personal representative under G.S. 28A‑23‑3(g) would cause the estate to be unable to pay all claims against the estate of a decedent, then the commissions shall be limited to the amount allowed under G.S. 28A‑23‑3(a).
"§ 28A‑19‑7.  Satisfaction of claims other than by payment.
Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary,
(1)	If a decedent was liable in person at the time of  the decedent's death for the payment or satisfaction of any claim or the performance, satisfaction, or discharge of any liability or obligation, whether joint or several, primary or secondary, direct or contingent, or enforceable in any other manner or form whatsoever, or
(2)	If only the property of a decedent or some part thereof was liable at the time of  the decedent's death for the payment or satisfaction of any claim or the performance, satisfaction, or discharge or any liability or obligation, whether joint or several, primary or secondary, direct or contingent, or enforceable in any other manner or form against the property of the decedent but not against  the decedent or  the decedent's estate as a personal liability, and
(3)	If any person other than the personal representative of the decedent is willing to assume the liability of the decedent and of  the decedent's estate or to receive or accept property of the decedent subject to such liability in cases where the decedent was not personally liable and the creditor, obligee, or other person for whose benefit such liability exists is willing to accept an agreement with that effect and to discharge the personal representative of the decedent and the estate of the decedent from the payment, satisfaction, or discharge of such liability, and
(4)	If such creditor, obligee, or other person for whose benefit  such liability exists and the person assuming the liability or the person receiving or accepting property of the decedent subject to such liability shall execute, acknowledge, and deliver in the form and manner required for deeds conveying real property in North Carolina, an agreement between themselves as to such assumption of liability or the receipt or acceptance of property of the decedent subject to such liability which shall contain a release, as hereinafter defined, discharging the personal representative of the decedent and  the decedent's estate from the payment, satisfaction, or discharge of the liability, and thereafter the said creditor, obligee, or other person for whose benefit such liability exists shall have no remedy for the enforcement thereof except against the person assuming it or against the property subject to it as provided in the said agreement; then upon the filing with the clerk of superior court having jurisdiction over the estate and the personal representative of one duplicate original of the said agreement, or of a certified copy thereof if it is a duly recorded instrument, the same shall be accepted in the same manner as a voucher showing payment or discharge of the said liability in the accounts of the personal representative of the decedent.
The word "person" as used in this section shall include one or more natural persons, corporations, partnerships, or entities having the power to own property or to make contracts in regard thereto. The  word "release" as used in this section shall include a covenant not to sue in any case in which an unqualified release or discharge of one obligee would discharge another, and if the liability involved is a negotiable instrument or other instrument transferable to a holder in due course, such release shall not be effective unless notice thereof  is endorsed on the instrument involved, dated, and signed by the creditor or the holder of the indebtedness or person for whose benefit the property is encumbered.
"§ 28A‑19‑8.  Funeral expenses of decedent.
(a)	Any person authorized under G.S. 130A‑420 to dispose of a decedent's body may bind a decedent's estate for funeral expenses and related charges, including interest and finance charges, in accordance with this section, including the execution and delivery on behalf of the estate of any agreements, promissory notes, and other instruments relating to the estate. Whether or not a personal representative of the estate has been appointed at the time the expenses are incurred, funeral expenses of a decedent, together with interest or finance charges if financed by the funeral establishment or a third‑party creditor, or advanced by a health care agent exercising authority described in G.S. 32A‑19(b), shall be considered as an obligation of the estate of the decedent and the decedent's estate shall be primarily liable for those expenses to the funeral establishment that provided the funeral service, to any third‑party creditor that finances the payment of those expenses, or to any other person described in this section who has paid such expenses.
(b)	The provisions of this section shall not affect the application of G.S. 28A‑19‑6 or G.S. 130A‑420.
"§ 28A‑19‑9.  Gravestone and burial place authorized.
(a)	 If the decedent has duly appointed a health care agent pursuant to Article 3 of Chapter 32A of the General Statutes to provide for these expenses, the health care agent may make arrangements to provide a suitable gravestone to mark the grave of the testator or intestate, and the personal representative shall reimburse the health care agent subject to the monetary limitations and procedures contained in this section. If the decedent did not have a health care agent, or if the health care agent does not act, it is lawful for a personal representative or the decedent's duly appointed health care agent to provide a suitable gravestone to mark the graves of the testator or intestate and to pay for the cost of erecting the same. The cost thereof shall be treated as a third class claim under G.S. 28A‑19‑6 and credited as such in final accounts. The costs thereof shall be in the sound discretion of the personal  representative or health care agent, having due regard to the value of the estate and to the interests of creditors and needs of the surviving spouse and the heirs and devisees of the estate. Where the personal representative or health care agent desires to spend more than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) for the purpose of a gravestone, and the will does not grant specific authority to the personal representative for such expenditures in excess of one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500), the personal representative shall file a petition before the clerk of the court, and such order as will be made by the court shall specify the amount to be expended for such purpose. In specifying the amount, the clerk may consider the value of the estate. To the extent that the personal representative or health care agent advances the costs for providing a suitable gravestone to mark the graves of the testator or intestate and for erecting the same, the advancement shall be considered as an obligation of the decedent's estate, and the decedent's estate shall be primarily liable for the costs for providing a suitable gravestone to mark the graves of the testator or intestate and for erecting the same.
(b)	It is lawful for  the decedent's duly appointed health care agent to provide a suitable burial place for the testator or intestate. If the decedent did not have a health care agent, or if the health care agent does not act, then the personal representative may provide a suitable burial place for the testator or intestate. The cost of a suitable burial place shall be in the sound discretion of the personal representative or the decedent's health care agent, having due regard to the value of the estate and to the interests of creditors and needs of the surviving spouse and the heirs and devisees of the estate, and shall be treated as a third class claim under G.S. 28A‑19‑6.
"§ 28A‑19‑10.  Perpetual care of cemetery lot.
It shall be lawful for a personal representative to provide for perpetual care for the lot upon which is located the grave of the  testator or intestate, and the cost thereof shall be paid and credited as such in final accounts: Provided, that the provisions of this section shall be applicable to an interment made in a cemetery authorized by law to operate as a perpetual‑care cemetery or association, and the cost thereof shall be in the sound discretion of the personal representative having due regard to the value of the estate and to the interest of the surviving spouse and the heirs and devisees of the estate. Provided, where the personal representative desires to spend more than two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00) for such purpose, and the will does not grant specific authority to the personal representative for such expenditure in excess of two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00),  the personal representative shall file  the personal representative's petition before the clerk of the superior court and such order as will be made by the court shall specify the amount to be expended for such purpose.
"§ 28A‑19‑11.  Pleading statute of limitations.
When claims are not barred pursuant to G.S. 28A‑19‑3, it shall be within the discretion of the personal representative or collector acting in good faith to determine whether or not any applicable statute of limitations shall be pleaded to bar a claim which  the personal representative or collector believes to be just.  The personal representative's or collector's admission of such claim or  the personal representative's or collector's decision not to plead the statute in an action brought on the claim shall, in the absence of any showing of collusion or bad faith, be binding on all persons interested in the estate.
"§ 28A‑19‑12.  Claims due representative not preferred.
No property or assets of the decedent shall be retained by the personal representative or collector in satisfaction of  the personal representative's or collector's own claim, in preference to others of the same class. Prior to payment of  the personal representative's or collector's own claim the personal representative or collector shall receive written approval of the clerk of superior court. If the clerk does not approve the claim the personal representative or collector may refer the claim as a disputed claim under the provisions of G.S. 28A‑19‑15. The provisions of G.S. 28A‑19‑1 and G.S. 28A‑19‑3 shall not apply to such claims and the personal representative or collector may present  the personal representative's or collector's own claim at any time prior to the filing of  the personal representative's or collector's final account.
"§ 28A‑19‑13.  No preference within class.
No personal representative or collector shall give to any claim any preference whatever, either by paying it out of its class or by paying thereon more than a pro rata proportion in its class.
"§ 28A‑19‑14.  Claims not due rebated.
Claims owed by the estate but not yet due may be paid by the personal representative on a rebate of interest thereon for the time unexpired.
"§ 28A‑19‑15.  Disputed claim may be referred.
If the personal representative doubts the justness of any claim so presented,  the personal representative may enter into an agreement, in writing, with the claimant, to refer the matter in controversy, whether the same be of a legal or equitable nature, to one or more disinterested persons, not exceeding three, whose proceedings shall be the same in all respects as if such reference had been ordered in an action. Such agreement to refer, and the award thereupon, shall be filed in the clerk's office where the letters were granted, and shall be a lawful voucher for the personal representative. The same may be impeached in any proceeding against the personal representative for fraud therein:  Provided, that the right to refer claims under this section shall extend to claims in favor of the estate as well as those against the estate.
"§ 28A‑19‑16.  Disputed claim not referred barred in three months.
If a claim is presented to and rejected by the personal representative or collector, and not referred as provided in G.S. 28A‑19‑15, the claimant must, within three months, after due notice in writing of such rejection,  commence an action for the recovery thereof, or in the case of a contingent or unliquidated claim, file a petition for an order from the clerk of superior court pursuant to G.S. 28A‑19‑5(b), or be forever barred from maintaining an action thereon.
"§ 28A‑19‑17.  No lien by suit against representative.
No lien shall be created by the commencement of a suit against a personal representative or collector.
"§ 28A‑19‑18.  When costs against representative allowed.
No costs shall be recovered in any action against a personal representative or collector unless it appears that payment was unreasonably delayed or neglected, or that the defendant refused to refer the matter in controversy, in which case the court may award  such costs against the defendant personally, or against the estate, as may be just.
"§ 28A‑19‑19.  Claims for equitable distribution.
(a)	The provisions of G.S. 28A‑19‑5 and G.S. 28A‑19‑7 shall not apply to claims for equitable distribution.
(b)	The personal representative may enter into an agreement, in writing, with a claimant providing for distribution of marital or divisible property, or both, in a manner deemed by the personal representative and the claimant to be equitable. The agreement shall be filed in the clerk's office where the letters were granted and shall be a lawful voucher for the personal representative. The same may be impeached in any proceeding against the personal representative for fraud therein.
(c)	Unless the claim for equitable distribution has been referred as provided in G.S. 28A‑19‑15, the claimant may at anytime, subject to the provisions of G.S. 28A‑19‑16, file an action with the district court for distribution of marital or divisible property in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 50‑20.
"Article 20. 
"Inventory. 
"§ 28A‑20‑1.  Inventory within three months.
Every personal representative and collector, within three months after  the qualification of that personal representative or collector, shall return to the clerk, on oath, a just, true and perfect inventory of all the real and personal property of the deceased, which have come to  the hands of the personal representative or collector, or to the hands of any  person for  the personal representative or collector, which inventory shall be signed by the personal representative or collector and be recorded by the clerk.
"§ 28A‑20‑2.  Compelling the inventory.
(a)	If the inventory specified in G.S. 28A‑20‑1 is not filed as prescribed, the clerk of superior court must issue an order requiring the personal representative or collector to file it within the time specified in the order, not less than 20 days, or to show cause why  the personal representative or collector should not be removed from office. If, after due service of the order, the personal representative or collector does not on or before the return day of the order file such inventory or obtain further time in which to file it, the clerk may remove  the personal representative or collector from office or may issue an attachment against  the personal representative or collector for a contempt and commit  the personal representative or collector until the personal representative or collector files said inventory report.
(b)	The personal representative or collector shall be personally liable for the costs of any proceeding incident to  the personal representative's or collector's failure to file the inventory required by G.S. 28A‑20‑1. Such costs shall be taxed against  the personal representative or collector by the clerk of superior court and may be collected by deduction from any commissions which may be found due the personal representative or collector upon final settlement of the estate.
"§ 28A‑20‑3.  Supplemental inventory.
(a)	Whenever any property not included in the original inventory report becomes known to any personal representative or collector or whenever the personal representative or collector learns that the valuation or description of any property or interest therein indicated in the original inventory is erroneous or misleading,  the personal representative or collector shall prepare and file with the clerk of superior court a supplementary inventory in the same manner as prescribed for the original inventory. The clerk shall record the supplemental report with the original inventory.
(b)	The making of the supplemental inventory shall be enforced in a manner specified in G.S. 28A‑20‑2.
"§ 28A‑20‑4.  Employment of appraisers.
A personal representative or collector may, but shall not be required to, employ qualified and disinterested appraisers to assist in ascertaining the fair market value as of the date of the decedent's death of any asset the value of which may be subject to reasonable doubt. Different persons may be employed to appraise different kinds of assets. The name and address of any appraiser shall be indicated in the inventory with the asset or assets  the appraiser appraised.
"Article 21. 
"Accounting. 
"§ 28A‑21‑1.  Annual accounts.
Until the final account has been filed pursuant to G.S. 28A‑21‑2, the personal representative or collector shall, for so long as any of the property of the estate remains in  the control, custody or  possession of the personal representative or collector, file annually in the office of the clerk of superior court an inventory and account, under oath, of the amount of property received by  the personal representative or collector, or invested by  the personal representative or collector, and the manner and nature of such investment, and  the receipts and disbursements of the personal representative or collector for the past year. Such accounts shall be due by the fifteenth day of the fourth month after the close of the fiscal year selected by the personal representative or collector, and annually thereafter. The election of a fiscal year shall be made by the personal representative or collector upon filing of the first annual account. In no event may a personal representative or collector select a fiscal year‑end which is more than twelve months from the date of death of the decedent or, in the case of trust administration, the date of the opening of the trust. Any fiscal year selected may not be changed without the permission of the clerk of superior court.
The personal representative or collector shall produce vouchers for all payments or verified proof for payments in lieu of vouchers. The clerk of superior court may examine, under oath, such accounting party, or any other person, concerning the receipts, disbursements or any other matter relating to the estate.  The clerk of superior court must carefully review and audit such account and, if  the clerk approves the account,  the clerk must endorse  the approval of the clerk thereon, which shall be prima facie evidence of correctness, and cause the same to be recorded. 
"§ 28A‑21‑2.  Final accounts.
(a)	Unless the time for filing the final account has been extended by the clerk of superior court, the personal representative or collector must file the final account for settlement within one year after qualifying or within six months after receiving a State estate or inheritance tax release, or in the time period for filing an annual account pursuant to G.S. 28A‑21‑1, whichever is later. If no estate or inheritance tax return was required to be filed for the estate, the personal representative or collector shall so certify in the final account filed with the clerk of superior court. Such certification shall list the amount and value of all of the decedent's property, and with respect to real estate, its particular location within or outside the State, including any property transferred by the decedent over which the decedent had retained any interest, or any property transferred within three years prior to the date of the decedent's death, and after being filed and accepted by the clerk of  superior court shall be prima facie evidence that such property is free of any State inheritance or State estate tax liability. The personal representative or collector shall produce vouchers for all payments or verified proof for all payments in lieu of vouchers. With the approval of the clerk of superior court, such account may be filed voluntarily at any time. In all cases, the accounting shall be reviewed, audited and recorded by the clerk of superior court in the manner prescribed in G.S. 28A‑21‑1.
(b)	Except as provided in subsection (a), after the date specified in the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1, if all of the debts and other claims against the estate of the decedent duly presented and legally owing have been paid in the case of a solvent estate or satisfied pro rata according to applicable statutes in the case of an insolvent estate, the personal representative or collector may file  the personal representative's or collector's final account to be reviewed, audited and recorded by the clerk of superior court. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as limiting the right of the surviving spouse or minor children to file for allowances under G.S. 30‑15 through 30‑18 and the right of a surviving spouse to file for property rights under G.S. 29‑30.
"§ 28A‑21‑2.2.  Final accounting by limited personal representative.
(a)	Filing Requirement. – A limited personal representative appointed pursuant to Article 29 of this Chapter shall file a sworn affidavit or report listing all debts and other claims duly presented to the limited personal representative and providing proof that the debts and other claims were satisfied, compromised, or denied, and that the time for filing suit thereon has expired. The sworn affidavit or report shall be filed within 30 days of the later of the following:
(1)	The date by which a claim must be presented as set forth in the general notice to creditors provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1.
(2)	The date by which an action for recovery of a rejected claim must be commenced under G.S. 28A‑19‑6.
(b)	Action by Clerk. – The affidavit or report shall be reviewed and recorded by the clerk of superior court. Following the review, the clerk of superior court shall take one of the following actions:
(1)	Discharge the limited personal representative from office.
(2)	Require the filing of any additional information or documents determined by the clerk to be necessary to the understanding of the affidavit or report.
(3)	Order the full administration of the decedent's estate and appoint a personal representative.
"§ 28A‑21‑3.  What accounts must contain.
Accounts filed with the clerk of superior court pursuant to G.S. 28A‑21‑1, signed and under oath, shall contain:
(1)	The period which the account covers and whether it is an annual accounting or a final accounting;
(2)	The amount and value of the property of the estate according to the inventory and appraisal or according to the next previous accounting, the amount of income and additional property received during the period being accounted for, and all gains from the sale of any property or otherwise;
(3)	All payments, charges, losses, and distributions;
(4)	The property on hand constituting the balance of the account, if any; and
(5)	Such other facts and information determined by the clerk to  be necessary to an understanding of the account.
"§ 28A‑21‑3.1.  Phase II tobacco grower and quota owner payments; list of Phase II distributees.
(a)	The following definitions apply in this section:
(1)	"National Tobacco Grower Settlement Trust" means the trust established by tobacco companies to provide payments to tobacco growers and tobacco quota owners in 14 states for the purposes of ameliorating potential adverse economic consequences of likely reduction in demand, sales, and prices for tobacco as an agricultural product as a result of the Master Settlement Agreement incorporated in the consent decree entered in the action of State of North Carolina vs. Philip Morris, Incorporated, et al., 98 CVS 14377, in the General Court of Justice, Superior Court Division, Wake County, North Carolina.
(2)	"Phase II payment" means an amount certified by the North Carolina Phase II Tobacco Certification Entity, Inc., to be paid pursuant to the trust agreement establishing the National Tobacco Grower Settlement Trust.
(b)	A personal representative or collector of the estate of a decedent who, during 1993 or any subsequent year, was a tobacco grower or a tobacco quota owner as defined in Section 4.01 of the trust agreement establishing the National Tobacco Grower Settlement Trust may file, along with a final account, a list of Phase II distributees for Phase II payments if all of the following conditions are met:
(1)	There are no unsatisfied creditors.
(2)	There are no unsatisfied general monetary bequests.
(3)	All assets other than any potential Phase II payments have been distributed.
(c)	A list of Phase II distributees, signed under oath, must contain the following information:
(1)	The name and address of the personal representative or collector.
(2)	The name and social security number of the decedent.
(3)	The name and address, if known, of each devisee or heir entitled to receive Phase II payments and the percentage of Phase II payments to be received by each.
(d)	The clerk of superior court must review the list of Phase II distributees to determine if the list of distributees and their shares of potential Phase II payments are in accordance with the will or, if there is no will, in accordance with the Intestate Succession Act. If the clerk accepts the list of Phase II distributees for filing, the clerk must endorse the clerk's approval thereon, which shall be prima facie evidence of correctness.
(e)	Upon determination by the North Carolina Phase II Tobacco Certification Entity, Inc., that the estate of a decedent entitled to any Phase II payment covering a time period when the decedent was alive has been closed, the payment may be paid directly to those distributees and in those shares set forth on a list of Phase II distributees filed under this section without the estate's having to be reopened under G.S. 28A‑23‑5.
(f)	The estate of a decedent who is entitled to any Phase II payment may be reopened, if necessary, in accordance with G.S. 28A‑23‑5 in order to file a list of Phase II distributees under this section.
(g)	For purposes of this section, Phase II payments covering a time period when decedent was alive are deemed cash and shall not pass by virtue of any devise or inheritance of the decedent's real property.
"§ 28A‑21‑4.  Clerk may compel account.
If any personal representative or collector fails to account as directed in G.S. 28A‑9‑3, 28A‑21‑1 or 28A‑21‑2 or renders an unsatisfactory account, the clerk of superior court shall, upon  motion of the clerk of superior court or upon the request of one or more creditors of the decedent or other interested party, promptly order such personal representative or collector to render a full satisfactory account within 20 days after service of the order. If, after due service of the order, the personal representative or collector does not on or before the return day of the order file such account, or obtain further time in which to file it, the clerk may remove  the personal representative or collector from office or may issue an attachment against  the personal representative or collector for a contempt and commit  the personal representative or collector until the personal representative or collector files said account.
"§ 28A‑21‑5.  Vouchers presumptive evidence.
Vouchers, without other proof, are presumptive evidence of  disbursement, unless impeached. If lost, the accounting party must, if required, make oath to that fact setting forth the manner of loss, and state the contents and purport of the voucher.
"§ 28A‑21‑6. Permissive Notice of Final Accounts.
The personal representative or collector may, but is not required to, give written notice of a proposed final account pursuant to G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4, to all devisees of the estate in the case of testacy, and to all heirs of the estate in the case of intestacy, of the date and place of filing of such account. In giving written notice, the personal representative shall attach a copy of the proposed final accounting with exhibits made a part thereof, but is not required to include copies of vouchers, account statements, or other supporting evidence submitted to the clerk. If the personal representative or collector elects to provide this notice, the personal representative or collector shall file with the clerk of superior court a certificate indicating that this notice has been given to all devisees and heirs. Notwithstanding any right to appeal an order or judgment under G.S. 1‑301.3, any payment, distribution, action, or other matter disclosed on such account or any annual account for the estate filed by the personal representative or collector must be objected to by a devisee or heir within 30 days after the receipt of the written notice or will be deemed to be accepted by the devisee or heir.
"Article 22. 
"Distribution. 
"§ 28A‑22‑1.  Scheme of distribution; testate and intestate estates.
After the payment of costs of administration, taxes and other valid claims against the decedent's estate, the personal representative shall distribute the remaining assets of the estate in accordance with the terms of decedent's valid probated will or the provisions of Chapter 29 of the General Statutes or as otherwise lawfully authorized.
"§ 28A‑22‑2.  Shares of after‑born and after‑adopted children.
The share of an after‑born or after‑adopted child, as provided by G.S. 29‑9 and 31‑5.5, shall be allotted to  the after‑born or after‑adopted child out of any undevised real or personal property, or out of both, if there is enough such undevised property for that purpose. If there is no undevised real or personal property, or if there is not enough, then the whole of the child's share, or the deficiency, shall be made up from the devised real or personal property, or from both. The portion contributed by a devisee shall bear the same ratio to  the devisee's devise as the after‑born or after‑adopted child's share bears to the net estate.
"§ 28A‑22‑3.  Special proceeding against unknown heirs of decedent before distribution of estate.
If there may be heirs, born or unborn, of the decedent, other than those known to the personal representative and whose names and residences are unknown, before distributing such estate the personal representative is authorized to institute a special proceeding before the clerk of superior court for the purpose of determining who are the heirs of the decedent. All unknown heirs of the decedent shall be made parties thereto and shall be served with summons by publication as provided by G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4. Upon such service being had, the court shall appoint some discreet person to act as guardian ad litem for said unknown heirs and summons shall issue as to such guardian ad litem. Said guardian ad litem shall file answer on behalf of said unknown heirs and  the guardian ad litem may be paid for  services of the guardian ad litem such sum as the court may fix, to be paid as other costs out of the estate. Upon the filing of the answer by said guardian ad litem all such unknown heirs shall be before the court for the purposes of the proceeding to the same extent as if each had been personally served with summons. Any judgment entered by the court in such proceeding shall be as binding upon said unknown heirs as if they were personally before the court and any payment or distribution made by the personal representative under orders of the court shall have the effect of fully discharging such personal representative and any sureties on  the personal representative's official bond to the full extent of such payment or distribution as ordered.
"§ 28A‑22‑4.  Distribution to nonresident trustee only upon appointment of process agent.
(a)	No assets of the estate of a decedent subject to administration in this State shall be delivered or transferred to a trustee of a testamentary trust or an inter vivos trust who is a nonresident of this State who has not appointed a resident agent for the service of civil process for actions or proceedings arising out of the administration of the trust with regard to such property.
(b)	If property is delivered or transferred to a trustee in violation of this section, process may be served outside this State or by publication, as provided by G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4, and the courts of this State shall have the same jurisdiction over the trustee as might have been obtained by service upon a properly appointed process agent. The provisions of this section with regard to jurisdiction shall be in addition to other means of obtaining jurisdiction permissible under the laws of this State.
"§ 28A‑22‑5.  Distribution of assets in kind in satisfaction of bequests and transfers in trust.
(a)	Subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, whenever under any will or trust indenture the executor, trustee or other fiduciary is required to, or has an option to, satisfy a bequest or transfer in trust by a transfer of assets of the estate or trust in kind at the values as finally determined for federal estate tax purposes, the executor, trustee or other fiduciary shall, in the absence of contrary provisions in such will or trust indenture, be required to satisfy such bequest or transfer by the distribution of assets fairly representative of the appreciation or depreciation in the value of all property available for distribution in satisfaction of such bequest or transfer.
(b)	The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply unless either:
(1)	The decedent's surviving spouse is the beneficiary of the bequest or trust transfer described in subsection (a) of this section or of the residue of the estate or trust; or
(2)	Any "skip person", as that term is defined in Chapter 13 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, is or may be a current or future beneficiary of the bequest or trust transfer described in subsection (a) of this section or of the residue of the estate or trust, and the value of the decedent's gross estate for federal tax purposes exceeds the value of the decedent's unused generation‑skipping tax exemption available under Chapter 13 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
"§ 28A‑22‑6.  Agreements with taxing authorities to secure benefit of federal marital deduction.
The executor, trustee, or other fiduciary having discretionary powers under a will or trust indenture with respect to the selection of assets to be distributed in satisfaction of a bequest or transfer in trust to or for the benefit of the surviving spouse of a decedent shall be authorized to enter into agreements with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue of the United States of America, and other taxing authorities, requiring the fiduciary to exercise the fiduciary's discretion so that cash and other properties distributed in satisfaction of such bequest or transfer in trust will be fairly representative of the net appreciation or depreciation in value on the date, or dates, of distribution of all property then available for distribution in satisfaction of such bequest or transfer in trust. Any such fiduciary shall be authorized to enter into any other agreement not in conflict with the express terms of the will or trust indenture that may be necessary or advisable in order to secure for federal estate tax purposes the appropriate marital deduction available under the Internal Revenue Laws of the United States of America and to do and perform all acts incident to such purpose.
"§ 28A‑22‑7.  Distribution to parent or guardian of a minor.
(a)	If a devise or legacy of personal property to a person under the age of 18 has a total value of less than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500), and the devisee or legatee is residing in the same household with a parent or a guardian appointed prior to the  decedent's death, the personal representative may distribute to the parent or guardian the devise or legacy. However, such distribution shall only be made with the prior approval of the clerk of court who issued the letters testamentary or of administration.
(b)	If such distribution has been made the parent or guardian shall use the property solely for the education, maintenance and support of the devisee or legatee. However, the parent or guardian shall not be required to file an accounting with the clerk of court or to the personal representative, nor shall such distribution be cause for a delay in the filing of the personal representative's final account under the provisions of Article 21 of this Chapter.
(c)	This section establishes a procedure that is separate from the provisions of G.S. 33‑69.1 and it is not the intention of this section to repeal in whole or in part the provisions of G.S. 33‑69.1.
(d)	This section may also be applied to several devises or legacies of personal property to a single devisee or legatee having a combined total value of less than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500).
"§ 28A‑22‑8.  Executor or trustee; discretion over distributions.
Unless otherwise restricted by the terms of the will or trust, an executor or trustee shall have absolute discretion to make distributions in cash or in specific property, real or personal, or an undivided interest therein or partly in cash or partly in such property, and to do so without regard to the income tax basis for federal tax purposes of specific property allocated to any beneficiary.
"§ 28A‑22‑9.  Distribution to known but unlocated devisees or heirs.
(a)	If there are known but unlocated devisees or heirs of property held by the personal representative, the personal representative may deliver the share of such devisee or heir to the clerk of superior court immediately prior to filing of the final account. If the devisee or heir is located after the final account has been filed,  the devisee or heir may present a claim for the share to the clerk. If the clerk determines that the claimant is entitled to the share,  the clerk shall deliver the share to the devisee or claimant. If the clerk denies the claim, the claimant may take an appeal as in a special proceeding.
(b)	The clerk shall hold the share without liability for profit or interest. If no claim has been presented within a period of one year after the filing of the final account, the clerk shall deliver the share to the State Treasurer as abandoned property.
(c)	The clerk shall not be required to publish any notice to such devisee or heir and shall not be required to report such share to the State Treasurer. If the devisee or heir is located, the clerk shall inform the devisee or heir that  the devisee or heir is entitled to file a claim with the State Treasurer for the share under the provisions of G.S. 116B‑67.
"§ 28A‑22‑10.  Distribution of assets of inoperative trust.
When the facts at the time of distribution of property to a trust are such that the trust would be inoperative under the terms of the instrument creating the trust for any reason, including the death of a beneficiary, renunciation by a beneficiary, the exercise of a right to withdraw the property by a beneficiary, or the attainment of a stipulated age by a beneficiary, the personal representative or the trustee authorized or required to make the distribution of that property to the trust may distribute the property directly to the person or persons entitled to it under the terms of the instrument creating the trust without the interposition of the establishment of the trust. If only a portion of the trust would be inoperative, the property distributable to that portion of the trust may be distributed directly to the person or persons entitled to the property under the terms of the instrument creating the trust.
"§ 28A‑22‑11.  Agreements with heirs.
Any agreement by an heir, unknown or known but unlocated, the primary purpose of which is to locate or recover, or assist in the recovery of, a share in a decedent's estate shall be subject to the provisions of G.S. 116B‑78.
"Article 23. 
"Settlement. 
"§ 28A‑23‑1.  Settlement after final account filed.
When the personal representative or collector has paid or otherwise satisfied or provided for all claims against the estate, has distributed the remainder of the estate pursuant to G.S. 28A‑22‑1 and has filed  the personal representative's or collector's final account for settlement pursuant to G.S. 28A‑21‑2, if the clerk of superior court, after review of the personal representative's or collector's final account, approves the same,  the clerk of superior court shall enter an order discharging the personal representative or collector from further  duties and liabilities as personal representative or collector, including those set forth in Article 13 of this Chapter. However, that such an order shall not include a release or discharge of liability for any breach of duty set forth in G.S. 28A‑13‑10(c).
"§ 28A‑23‑2.  Payment into court of fund due minor.
When any personal representative or collector holds property due a minor without a guardian and desires to file  the personal representative's or collector's petition for settlement,  the personal representative or collector may deliver the property to the clerk of superior court who shall invest upon interest or otherwise manage said property for the use of the minor or the clerk may proceed to appoint a guardian for the minor pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 35A of the General Statutes and then may deliver the property of the minor to the guardian.
"§ 28A‑23‑3.  Commissions allowed personal representatives; representatives guilty of misconduct or default.
(a)	Personal representatives, collectors or public administrators shall be entitled to commissions to be fixed in the discretion of the clerk of superior court not to exceed five percent (5%) upon the amounts of receipts, including the value of all personal property when received, and upon the expenditures made in accordance with law. In determining the maximum commissions allowable under this subsection, the clerk of superior court may take into consideration fees paid by the estate for professional services performed in the ordinary course of administering the estate, including services performed by attorneys and accountants. However, the clerk is not required to reduce the maximum commissions allowed by the aggregate fees paid to professionals on a dollar‑for‑dollar basis.
The commissions shall be charged as a part of the costs of administration and, upon allowance, may be retained out of the assets of the estate against creditors and all other persons claiming an interest in the estate. If the gross value of an estate is two thousand dollars ($2,000) or less, the clerk of superior court may fix the commission to be received by the personal representative, collector or public administrator in an amount the clerk of superior court, in the clerk's discretion, deems just and adequate.
(b)	In determining the amount of the commissions, both upon personal property received and upon expenditures made, the clerk of superior court shall consider the time, responsibility, trouble and skill involved in the management of the estate. Where real property is sold to pay debts or legacies, the commission shall be computed only on the proceeds actually applied in the payment of debts or legacies.
(c)	The clerk of superior court may allow commissions from time to time during the course of the administration, but the total commissions allowed shall be determined on final settlement of the estate and shall not exceed the limit fixed in this section.
(d)	Nothing in this section shall be construed to:
(1)	Prevent the clerk of  superior court from allowing reasonable sums for necessary charges and disbursements incurred in the management of the estate.
(2)	Allow commissions on distribution of the shares of heirs or on distribution of shares of devisees.
(3)	Abridge the right of any party interested in the administration of a decedent's estate to appeal an order of the clerk of superior court to a judge of superior court.
(e)	No personal representative, collector or public administrator, who has been guilty of default or misconduct in the due execution of  the personal representative's, collector's, or public administrator's office resulting in the revocation of  the appointment of the personal representative, collector, or public administrator under the provisions of G.S. 28A‑9‑1, shall be entitled to any commission under the provisions of this section.
(f)	For the purpose of computing commissions whenever any portion of the dividends, interest, rents or other amounts payable to a personal representative, collector or public administrator is required by any law of the United States or other governmental unit to be withheld for income tax purposes by the person, corporation, organization or governmental unit paying the same, the amount withheld shall be deemed to have been received and expended.
(g)	Subsection (a) of this section does not apply if the testator's will specifies a stipulated amount or method or standard for determining the compensation for the services rendered by the personal representative, including a provision in the will that the compensation of the personal representative is to be determined by applying the personal representative's regularly adopted schedule of compensation in effect at the time of performance of those services. Subsection (a) of this section also shall not apply if the testator's will provides that the personal representative is to receive "reasonable compensation" for those services or similar language to that effect if the personal representative and the beneficiaries whose shares would be charged with the payment of the personal representative's compensation consent in writing to the specific amount that constitutes reasonable compensation.
(h)	Subsection (a) of this section shall apply if the testator's will provides that compensation of the personal representative shall be the amount "as provided by law," the "maximum amount provided by law," or other similar language.
"§ 28A‑23‑4.  Counsel fees allowable to attorneys serving as representatives.
The clerk of superior court, in  the discretion of the clerk of superior court, is authorized and empowered to allow counsel fees to an attorney serving as a personal representative, collector or public administrator (in addition to the commissions allowed  the attorney as such representative, collector or public administrator) where such attorney in behalf of the estate  the attorney represents renders professional services, as an attorney, which are beyond the ordinary routine of administration and of a type which would reasonably justify the retention of legal counsel by any such representative, collector or public administrator not  licensed to practice law.
"§ 28A‑23‑5.  Reopening administration.
If, after an estate has been settled and the personal representative discharged, other property of the estate shall be discovered, or if it shall appear that any necessary act remains unperformed on the part of the personal representative, or for any other proper cause, the clerk of superior court, upon the petition of any person interested in the estate and without notice or upon such notice as  the clerk of superior court may direct, may order that said estate be reopened.  The clerk of superior court may reappoint the personal representative or appoint another personal representative to administer such property or perform such acts as may be deemed necessary. Unless the clerk of superior court shall otherwise order, the provisions of this Chapter as to an original administration shall apply to the proceedings had in the reopened administration; but no claim which is already barred can be asserted in the reopened administration.
"Article 24.
"120‑Hour Survivorship Requirement; Revised Simultaneous Death Act.
"§ 28A‑24‑1.  Definitions.
In this Article:
(1)	"Co‑owners with right of survivorship" includes joint tenants in a joint tenancy with right of survivorship, tenants by the entireties, and other co‑owners of property or accounts held under circumstances that entitle one or more to the whole of the property or account on the death of the other or others.
(2)	"Governing instrument" means a deed, will, trust, insurance or annuity policy, account with a POD designation, pension, profit sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, instrument creating or exercising a power of appointment or a power of attorney, or a dispositive, appointive, or nominative instrument of any similar type.
(3)	"Payor" means a trustee, insurer, business entity, employer, government, governmental agency or subdivision, or any other person authorized or obligated by law or a governing instrument to make payments.
"§ 28A‑24‑2.  Requirement of survival by 120 hours.
(a)	Except as otherwise provided in this Article, where the title to property, the devolution of property, the right to elect an interest in property, or any other right or benefit depends upon an individual's survivorship of the death of another individual, an individual who is not established by clear and convincing evidence to have survived the other individual by at least 120 hours is deemed to have predeceased the other individual.
(b)	If the language of the governing instrument disposes of property in such a way that two or more beneficiaries are designated to take alternatively by reason of surviving each other and it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that any such beneficiary has survived any other such beneficiary by at least 120 hours, the property shall be divided into as many equal shares as there are alternative beneficiaries, and these shares shall be distributed respectively to each such beneficiary's estate.
(c)	If the language of the governing instrument disposes of property in such a way that it is to be distributed to the member or members of a class who survived an individual, each member of the class will be deemed to have survived that individual by at least 120 hours unless it is established by clear and convincing evidence that the individual survived the class member or members by at least 120 hours.
"§ 28A‑24‑3.  Co‑owners with right of survivorship; requirement of survival by 120 hours.
Except as otherwise provided in this Article, (i) if it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that one of two co‑owners with right of survivorship survived the other co‑owner by at least 120 hours, one‑half of the property passes as if one had survived by at least 120 hours and one‑half as if the other had survived by at least 120 hours and (ii) if there are more than two co‑owners with right of survivorship and it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that at least one of them survived the others by at least 120 hours, the property passes to the estates of each of the co‑owners in the proportion that one bears to the whole number of co‑owners.
"§ 28A‑24‑4.  Survival of an event; 120‑hour period not applicable.
For purposes of a governing instrument that requires survival of an event, other than the death of another individual, the 120‑hour survivorship requirement of this Article does not apply.
"§ 28A‑24‑5.  Victim deemed to survive slayer.
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Article, solely for the purpose of determining whether the victim is entitled to any right or benefit that depends on surviving the death of a slayer under G.S. 31A‑3, the slayer is deemed to have predeceased the victim and the victim is deemed to have survived the slayer by at least 120 hours (or any greater survival period required of the victim under the slayer's will or other governing instrument) unless it is established by clear and convincing evidence that the slayer survived the victim by at least 120 hours.
"§ 28A‑24‑6.  Exceptions to the 120‑hour survival requirement.
Survival by 120 hours is not required if any of the following apply:
(1)	The governing instrument contains language dealing explicitly with simultaneous deaths or deaths in a common disaster and the language is operable under the facts of the case.
(2)	The governing instrument expressly indicates that an individual is not required to survive the death of another individual by any specified period or expressly requires the individual to survive another individual for a specified period; but survival must be established by clear and convincing evidence.
(3)	The imposition of a 120‑hour requirement of survival would cause a nonvested property interest or a power of appointment to fail to qualify for validity under G.S. 41‑15; but survival must be established by clear and convincing evidence.
(4)	The application of a 120‑hour requirement of survival to multiple governing instruments would result in an unintended failure or duplication of a disposition; but survival must be established by clear and convincing evidence.
(5)	The application of a 120‑hour requirement of survival would deprive an individual or the estate of an individual of an otherwise available tax exemption, deduction or credit, expressly including the marital deduction, resulting in the imposition of a tax upon a donor or testator or other person (or their estate) as the transferor of any property. "Tax" includes any federal or State gift, estate or inheritance tax.
(6)	The application of a 120‑hour requirement of survival would result in an escheat.
"§ 28A‑24‑7.  Evidence of death or status.
For purposes of this Article, the following rules of evidence apply relating to the determination of death and status of a beneficiary subject to a requirement of survivorship and of the person the beneficiary must survive:
(1)	Death occurs when an individual is determined to be dead pursuant to G.S. 90‑323 or Chapter 28C of the General Statutes.
(2)	A certified or authenticated copy of a death certificate purporting to be issued by an official or agency in the place where the death purportedly occurred is prima facie evidence of the fact, place, date, and time of death and the identity of the decedent. In the absence of evidence disputing the death certificate, that certificate shall be conclusive evidence of the fact, place, date, and time of death and the identity of the decedent.
(3)	A certified or authenticated copy of any record or report of a governmental agency, domestic or foreign, that an individual is missing, detained, dead, or alive is prima facie evidence of the status and of the dates, circumstances, and places disclosed by the record or report. The record or report is conclusive evidence of the status and of the dates, circumstances, and places disclosed by the record or report unless there is evidence to the contrary.
(4)	In the absence of prima facie evidence of death under subdivision (2) or (3) of this section, the fact of death may be established by clear and convincing evidence, including circumstantial evidence.
"§ 28A‑24‑8.  Protection of payors, bona fide purchasers, and other third parties; personal liability of recipient.
(a)	A payor or other third party is not liable for having made a payment or transferred an item of property or any other benefit to a person designated in a governing instrument who, under this Article, is not entitled to the payment or item of property, or for having taken any other action in good faith reliance on the person's apparent entitlement under the terms of the governing instrument, before the payor or other third party received written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this Article. A payor or other third party is liable for a payment made or other action taken after the payor or other third party received written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this Article.
Written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this Article must be mailed to the payor's or other third party's main office or home by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, or served upon the payor or other third party in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. Upon receipt of written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this Article, a payor or other third party may pay any amount owed or transfer or deposit any item of property other than tangible personal property held by it to or with the clerk of the superior court having jurisdiction of the probate proceedings relating to the decedent's estate, or if no proceedings have been commenced, to or with the clerk of the superior court having jurisdiction of probate proceedings relating to decedents' estates located in the county of the decedent's residence. The clerk shall hold the funds or item of property and, upon the clerk's determination under this Article, shall order disbursement in accordance with the determination. Payments, transfers, or deposits made to or with the clerk discharge the payor or other third party from all claims for the value of amounts paid to or items of property transferred to or deposited with the clerk.
(b)	A person who purchases property for value and without notice, or who received a payment or other item of property in partial or full satisfaction of a legally enforceable obligation, is neither obligated under this Article to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, nor liable under this Article for the amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit. But a person who, not for value, receives a payment, item of property, or any other benefit to which the person is not entitled under this Article is obligated to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who is entitled to it under this Article.
"Article 25.
"Small Estates.
"§ 28A‑25‑1.  Collection of property by affidavit when decedent dies intestate.
(a)	When a decedent dies intestate leaving personal property, less liens and encumbrances thereon, not exceeding twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) in value, at any time after 30 days from the date of death, any person indebted to the decedent or having possession of tangible personal property or an instrument evidencing a debt, obligation, stock or chose in action belonging to the decedent shall make payment of the indebtedness or deliver the tangible personal property or an instrument evidencing a debt, obligation, stock or chose in action to a person claiming to be the public administrator appointed pursuant to G.S. 28A‑12‑1, or an heir or creditor of the decedent, not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2, upon being presented a certified copy of an affidavit filed in accordance with subsection (b) and made by or on behalf of the heir or creditor or the public administrator stating:
(1)	The name and address of the affiant and the fact that  the affiant is the public administrator or an heir or creditor of the decedent;
(2)	The name of the decedent and  the decedent's residence at time of death;
(3)	The date and place of death of the decedent;
(4)	That 30 days have elapsed since the death of the decedent;
(5)	That the value of all the personal property owned by the estate of the decedent, less liens and encumbrances thereon, does not exceed twenty thousand dollars ($20,000);
(6)	That no application or petition for appointment of a personal representative is pending or has been granted in any jurisdiction;
(7)	The names and addresses of those persons who are entitled, under the provisions of the Intestate Succession Act, to the personal property of the decedent and their relationship, if any, to the decedent; and
(8)	A description sufficient to identify each tract of real property owned by the decedent at the time of  the decedent's death.
In those cases in which the affiant is the surviving spouse and sole heir of the decedent, not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2, the property described in this subsection that may be collected pursuant to this section may exceed twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) in value but shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in  value, after reduction for any spousal allowance paid to the surviving spouse pursuant to G.S. 30‑15. In such cases, the affidavit shall state: (i) the name and address of the affiant and the fact that  the affiant is the surviving spouse and is entitled, under the provisions of the Intestate Succession Act, to all of the property of the decedent; (ii) that the value of all of the personal property owned by the estate of the decedent, less liens and encumbrances thereon, does not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000); and (iii) the information required under subdivisions (2), (3), (4), (6), and (8) of this subsection.
(b)	Prior to the recovery of any assets of the decedent, a copy of the affidavit described in subsection (a) shall be filed in the office of the clerk of superior court of the county where the decedent  was domiciled at the time of death. The affidavit shall be filed by the clerk upon payment of the fee provided in G.S. 7A‑307, shall be indexed in the index to estates, and a copy thereof shall be mailed by the clerk to the persons shown in the affidavit as entitled to the personal property.
(c)	The presentation of an affidavit as provided in subsection (a) shall be sufficient to require the transfer to the affiant or  the affiant's designee of the title and license to a motor vehicle registered in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights of a savings account or checking account in a bank in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights of a savings account or share certificate in a credit union, building and loan association, or savings and loan association in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights in any stock or security registered on the books of a corporation in the name of a decedent owner; or any other property or contract right owned by decedent at the time of  the decedent's death.
"§ 28A‑25‑1.1.  Collection of property by affidavit when decedent dies testate.
(a)	When a decedent dies testate leaving personal property, less liens and encumbrances thereon, not exceeding twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) in value, at any time after 30 days from the date of death, any person indebted to the decedent or having possession of tangible personal property or an instrument evidencing a debt, obligation, stock or chose in action belonging to the decedent shall make payment of the indebtedness or deliver the tangible personal property or an instrument evidencing a debt, obligation, stock or chose in action to a person claiming to be the public administrator appointed pursuant to G.S. 28A‑12‑1, a person named or designated as executor in the will, devisee, heir or creditor, of the decedent, not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2, upon being presented a certified copy of an affidavit filed in accordance with subsection (b) and made by or on behalf of the heir, the person named or designated as executor in the will of the decedent, the creditor, the public administrator, or the devisee, stating:
(1)	The name and address of the affiant and the fact that  the affiant is the public administrator, a person named or designated as executor in the will, devisee, heir or creditor, of the decedent;
(2)	The name of the decedent and  the decedent's residence at time of death;
(3)	The date and place of death of the decedent;
(4)	That 30 days have elapsed since the death of the decedent;
(5)	That the decedent died testate leaving personal property, less liens and encumbrances thereon, not exceeding  twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) in value;
(6)	That the decedent's will has been admitted to probate in the court of the proper county and a duly certified copy of the will has been recorded in each county in which is located any real property owned by the decedent at the time of  the decedent's death;
(7)	That a certified copy of the decedent's will is attached to the affidavit;
(8)	That no application or petition for appointment of a personal representative is pending or has been granted in any jurisdiction;
(9)	The names and addresses of those persons who are entitled, under the provisions of the will, or if applicable, of the Intestate Succession Act, to the property of the decedent; and their relationship, if any, to the decedent; and
(10)	A description sufficient to identify each tract of real property owned by the decedent at the time of  the decedent's death.
In those cases in which the affiant is the surviving spouse, is entitled to all of the property of the decedent, and is not disqualified under G.S. 28A‑4‑2, the property described in this subsection that may be collected pursuant to this section may exceed  twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) in value but shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in value. In such cases, the affidavit shall state: (i) the name and address of the affiant and the fact that  the affiant is the surviving spouse and is entitled, under the provisions of the decedent's will, or if applicable, of the Intestate Succession Act, to all of the property of the decedent; (ii) that the decedent died testate leaving personal property, less liens and encumbrances thereon, not exceeding thirty thousand dollars ($30,000); and (iii) the information required under subdivisions (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), (8), and (10) of this subsection.
(b)	Prior to the recovery of any assets of the decedent, a copy of the affidavit described in subsection (a) shall be filed in the office of the clerk of superior court of the county where the decedent  was domiciled at the time of death. The affidavit shall be filed by the clerk upon payment of the fee provided in G.S. 7A‑307, shall be indexed in the index to estates, and a copy shall be mailed by the clerk to the persons shown in the affidavit as entitled to the property.
(c)	The presentation of an affidavit as provided in subsection (a) shall be sufficient to require the transfer to the affiant or  the affiant's designee of the title and license to a motor vehicle registered in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights of a savings account or checking account in a bank in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights of a savings account or share certificate in a credit union, building and loan association, or savings and loan association in the name of the decedent owner; the ownership rights in any stock or security registered on the books of a corporation in the name of a decedent owner; or any other property or contract right owned by decedent at the time of  the decedent's death.
"§ 28A‑25‑2.  Effect of affidavit.
The person paying, delivering, transferring or issuing personal property or the evidence thereof pursuant to an affidavit meeting the requirements of G.S. 28A‑25‑1(a) or G.S. 28A‑25‑1.1(a) is discharged and released to the same extent as if  the person dealt with a duly qualified personal representative of the decedent.  The person is not required to see to the application of the personal property or evidence thereof or to inquire into the truth of any statement in the affidavit. If any person to whom an affidavit is delivered refuses to pay, deliver, transfer, or issue any personal property or evidence thereof, it may be recovered or its payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance compelled upon proof of their right in an action brought for that purpose by or on behalf of the persons entitled thereto. The court costs and attorney's fee incident to the action shall be taxed against the person whose refusal to comply with the provisions of G.S. 28A‑25‑1(a) or G.S. 28A‑25‑1.1(a) made the action necessary. The heir or creditor to whom payment, delivery, transfer or issuance is made is answerable and accountable therefor to any duly qualified personal representative or collector of the decedent's estate or to any other person having an interest in the estate.
"§ 28A‑25‑3.  Disbursement and distribution of property collected by affidavit.
(a)	If there has been no personal representative or collector appointed by the clerk of superior court, the affiant who has collected personal property of the decedent by affidavit pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑1 or G.S. 28A‑25‑1.1 shall:
(1)	Disburse and distribute the same in the following order:
a.	To the payment of the surviving spouse's year's allowance and the children's year's allowance assigned in accordance with G.S. 30‑15 through G.S. 30‑33;
b.	To the payment of the debts and claims against the estate of the decedent in the order of priority set forth in G.S. 28A‑19‑6, or to the reimbursement of any person who has already made payment thereof;
c.	To the distribution of the remainder of the personal property to the persons entitled thereto under the provisions of the will or of the Intestate Succession Act; and
(2)	File an affidavit with the clerk of superior court that  the affiant has collected the personal property of the decedent and the manner in which  the affiant has disbursed and distributed the same. This final affidavit shall be filed within 90 days of the date of filing of the qualifying affidavit provided for in G.S. 28A‑25‑1 or G.S. 28A‑25‑1.1. If the affiant cannot file the final affidavit within 90 days,  the affiant shall file a report with the clerk within that time period stating  the affiant's reasons. Upon determining that the affiant has good reason not to file the final affidavit within 90 days, the clerk may extend the time for filing up to one year from the date of filing the qualifying affidavit.
(b)	Nothing in this section shall be construed as changing the rule of G.S. 28A‑15‑1 and G.S. 28A‑15‑5 rendering both real and personal property, without preference or priority, available for the discharge of debts and other claims against the estate of the decedent. If it appears that it may be in the best interest of the estate to sell, lease, or mortgage any real property to obtain money for the payment of debts or other claims against the decedent's estate, the affiant shall petition the clerk of superior court for the appointment of a personal representative to conclude the administration of the decedent's estate pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑5.
"§ 28A‑25‑4.  Clerk may compel compliance.
If any affiant who has collected personal property of the decedent by affidavit pursuant to G.S. 28A‑25‑1 or G.S. 28A‑25‑1.1 shall fail to make distribution or file affidavit as required by G.S. 28A‑25‑3, the clerk of superior court may, upon  motion of the clerk of superior court or at the request of any interested person, issue an attachment against  the affiant for a contempt and commit  the affiant until  the affiant makes proper distribution and files the affidavit. In addition to or in lieu of filing this attachment, the clerk may require the affiant to post a bond conditioned as provided in G.S. 28A‑8‑2.
"§ 28A‑25‑5.  Subsequently appointed personal representative or collector.
Nothing in this Article shall preclude any interested person, including the affiant, from petitioning the clerk of superior court for the appointment of a personal representative or collector to conclude the administration of the decedent's estate. If such is done, the affiant who has been collecting personal property by affidavit shall cease to do so, shall deliver all assets in  the affiant's possession to the personal representative, and shall render a proper accounting to the personal representative or collector. A copy of the accounting shall also be filed with the clerk having jurisdiction over the personal representative or collector.
"§ 28A‑25‑6.  Payment to clerk of money owed decedent.
(a)	As an alternative to the small estate settlement procedures of this Article, any person indebted to a decedent may satisfy such indebtedness by paying the amount of the debt to the clerk of the superior court of the county of the domicile of the decedent:
(1)	If no administrator has been appointed, and
(2)	If the amount owed by such person does not exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000), and
(3)	If the sum tendered to the clerk would not make the aggregate sum which has come into the clerk's hands belonging to the decedent exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000).
(b)	Such payments may not be made to the clerk if the total amount paid or tendered with respect to any one decedent would exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000), even though disbursements have been made so that the aggregate amount in the clerk's hands at any one time would not exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000).
(c)	If the sum tendered pursuant to this section would make the aggregate sum coming into the clerk's hands with respect to any one decedent exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000) the clerk shall appoint an administrator, or the sum may be administered under the preceding sections of this Article.
(d)	If it appears to the clerk after making a preliminary survey that disbursements pursuant to this section would not exhaust funds received pursuant to this section,  the clerk may, in  the clerk's discretion, appoint an administrator, or the funds may be administered under the preceding sections of this Article.
(e)	The receipt from the clerk of the superior court of a payment purporting to be made pursuant to this section is a full release to the debtor for the payment so made.
(f)	If no administrator has been appointed, the clerk of superior court shall disburse the money received under this section for the following purposes and in the following order:
(1)	To pay the surviving spouse's year's allowance and children's year's allowance assigned in accordance with law;
(2),	(3) Repealed by Session Laws 1981, c. 383, s. 3.
(4)	All other claims shall be disbursed according to the order set out in G.S. 28A‑19‑6.
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this subsection, the clerk shall pay, out of funds provided the deceased pursuant to G.S. 111‑18 and Part 3 of Article 2 of Chapter 108A of the General Statutes of North Carolina, any lawful claims for care provided by an adult care home to the deceased, incurred not more than 90 days prior to  the deceased's death. After the death of a spouse who died intestate and after the disbursements have been made in accordance with this subsection, the balance in the clerk's hands belonging to the estate of the decedent shall be paid to the surviving spouse, and if there is no surviving spouse, the clerk shall pay it to the heirs in proportion to their respective interests.
(g)	The clerk shall not be required to publish notice to creditors.
(h)	Whenever an administrator is appointed after a clerk of superior court has received any money pursuant to this section, the clerk shall pay to the administrator all funds which have not been disbursed. The clerk shall receive no commissions for payments made to the administrator, and the administrator shall receive no commissions for receiving such payments.
"Article 26.
"Foreign Personal Representatives and Ancillary Administration.
"§ 28A‑26‑1.  Domiciliary and ancillary probate and administration.
The domiciliary, or original, administration of the estates of all decedents domiciled in North Carolina at the time of death shall be under the jurisdiction of this State and of a proper clerk of superior court in this State, and the original probate of all wills of such persons shall be in this State. Any administration of the estate and any probate of a will of such decedents outside North Carolina shall be ancillary only. All assets, except real estate (but including proceeds from the sale of real estate), subject to ancillary administration in a jurisdiction outside North Carolina shall, to the extent such assets are not necessary for the requirements of such ancillary administration, be transferred and delivered by the ancillary personal representative to the duly qualified personal representative in this State for administration and distribution by the domiciliary personal representative, and the domiciliary personal representative in this State shall have the duty of collecting all such assets from the ancillary personal representative. The receipt of the domiciliary personal representative shall fully acquit the ancillary personal representative with respect to the assets covered thereby. The domiciliary personal representative in North Carolina shall have the exclusive right and duty to pay all federal and North Carolina taxes owed by the estate of such decedent and to make proper distribution of all assets including those collected from the ancillary personal representative.
"§ 28A‑26‑2.  Payment of debt and delivery of property to domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident decedent without ancillary administration in this State.
(a)	At any time after the expiration of 60 days from the death of a nonresident decedent, any resident of this State indebted to the estate of the nonresident decedent or having possession or control of personal property, or of an instrument evidencing a debt, obligation, stock or chose in action belonging to the estate of the nonresident decedent may pay the debt or deliver the personal property, or the instrument evidencing the debt, obligation, stock or chose in action, to the domiciliary personal representative of the nonresident decedent upon being presented with a certified or exemplified copy of  the domiciliary personal representative's letters of appointment and an affidavit made by or on behalf of the domiciliary personal representative stating:
(1)	The date of the death of the nonresident decedent;
(2)	That to the best of  the domiciliary personal representative's knowledge no administration, or application or petition therefor, is pending in this State;
(3)	That the domiciliary personal representative is entitled to payment or delivery.
(b)	Payment or delivery made in good faith on the basis of the proof of appointment as domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident decedent and an affidavit meeting the requirements of subsection (a) constitutes a release to the same extent as if payment or delivery had been made to an ancillary personal representative.
(c)	Payment or delivery under this section shall not be made if a resident creditor of the nonresident decedent has, by registered or certified mail, notified the resident debtor of the nonresident decedent or the resident having possession of the personal property belonging to the nonresident decedent that the debt should not be paid nor the property delivered to the domiciliary personal representative of the nonresident decedent. If no ancillary administrator qualifies within 90 days from the date of the notice, however, the resident debtor may pay the debt or deliver the property directly to the nonresident domiciliary personal representative as set forth in subsection (a) of this section.
"§ 28A‑26‑3.  Ancillary administration.
(a)	Any domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident decedent upon the filing of a certified or exemplified copy of letters of appointment with the clerk of superior court who has venue under G.S. 28A‑3‑1 may be granted ancillary letters in this State notwithstanding that the domiciliary personal representative is a nonresident of this State or is a foreign corporation. If the domiciliary personal representative is a foreign corporation, it need  not qualify under any other law of this State to authorize it to act as ancillary personal representative in the particular estate. If application is made for the issuance of ancillary letters to the domiciliary personal representative, the clerk of superior court shall give preference in appointment to the domiciliary personal representative unless the decedent shall have otherwise directed in a  will.
(b)	If, within 90 days after the death of the nonresident, or within 60 days after issue of domiciliary letters, should that be a shorter period, no application for ancillary letters has been made by a domiciliary personal representative, any person who could apply for issue of letters had the decedent been a resident may apply for issue of ancillary letters.
If it is known that there is a duly qualified domiciliary personal  representative, the clerk of superior court shall send notice of such  application, by registered mail, to that personal representative and to the appointing court. Such notice shall include a statement that, within 14 days after its mailing, the domiciliary personal representative may apply for the issue of ancillary letters with the preference specified in subsection (a) of this section; and that failure of the domiciliary personal representative to do so will be deemed a waiver, with the result that letters will be issued to another. Upon such failure, the clerk of superior court may issue ancillary letters in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 of this Chapter.
If the applicant and the clerk of superior court have no knowledge  of the existence of a domiciliary personal representative, the clerk of superior court may proceed to issue ancillary letters. Subsequently, upon it becoming known that a domiciliary personal representative has been appointed, whether such appointment occurred before or after the issue of ancillary letters, the clerk of superior  court shall notify the domiciliary personal representative, by registered mail, of the action taken by the clerk of superior court and the state of the ancillary administration. Such notice shall include a statement that at any time prior to approval of the ancillary personal representative's final account the domiciliary personal representative may appear in the proceedings for any purpose  the domiciliary personal representative may deem advisable; and that  the domiciliary personal representative may apply to be substituted as ancillary personal representative, but that such request will not be granted unless the clerk of superior court finds that such action will be for the best interests of North Carolina administration of the estate.
"§ 28A‑26‑4.  Bonds.
(a)	Subject to the exception in subsection (b), any personal representative, including a domiciliary personal representative, who is granted ancillary letters of administration in this State must satisfy the bond requirements prescribed in Article 8 of this Chapter.
(b)	Where a citizen or subject of a foreign country, or of any other state or territory of the United States, by will sufficient according to the laws of this State, and duly probated and recorded in the proper county, devises to  that person's executor, with power to sell and convey, real property situated in this State in trust for a person named in the will, the power being vested in the executor as such trustee, the executor may execute the power without giving bond in this State.
"§ 28A‑26‑5.  Authority of domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident decedent.
The domiciliary personal representative of the nonresident  decedent after qualifying as ancillary personal representative in this State is authorized to administer the North Carolina estate of the nonresident decedent in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑26‑6.  Jurisdiction.
(a)	A domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident  decedent may invoke the jurisdiction of the courts of this State after qualifying as ancillary personal representative in this State except that  the domiciliary personal representative may invoke such jurisdiction prior to qualification for the purpose of appealing from a decision of the clerk of superior court regarding a question of qualification.
(b)	A domiciliary personal representative of a nonresident decedent submits to the jurisdiction of the courts of this State:
(1)	As provided in G.S. 1‑75.4, or
(2)	By receiving payment of money or taking delivery of personal property under G.S. 28A‑26‑2; or
(3)	By acceptance of ancillary letters of administration in this  State under G.S. 28A‑26‑3; or
(4)	By doing any act as personal representative in this State which if done as an individual would have given the State jurisdiction over  the personal representative as an individual.
"§ 28A‑26‑7.  Service on personal representative of a nonresident decedent.
A court of this State having jurisdiction of the subject matter and grounds for personal jurisdiction as provided in G.S. 28A‑26‑6 may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant by service of process in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4(j).
"§ 28A‑26‑8.  Duties of personal representative in an ancillary administration.
(a)	All assets of estates of nonresident decedents being administered in this State are subject to all claims, allowances and charges existing or established against the estate of the decedent wherever existing or established.
(b)	An adjudication of a claim rendered in any jurisdiction in favor of or against any personal representative of the estate of a nonresident decedent is binding on the ancillary personal representative in this State and on all parties to the litigation.
(c)	Limitations on presentation of claims shall be governed by the  provisions of this Chapter except that creditors residing in the domiciliary state barred by the statutes of that state may not file claims in an ancillary administration in this State.
(d)	In the payment of claims by the ancillary administrator, the following rules shall apply:
(1)	If the value of the entire estate, wherever administered, equals or exceeds family exemptions and allowances, prior charges and claims against the entire estate, the claims allowed in this State shall be paid in full from assets in this State, if such assets are sufficient for the purpose.
(2)	If such total exemptions, allowances, charges and claims exceed the value of the entire estate, the claims allowed in  this State shall be paid their proper percentage pro rata by  class, if assets in this State are sufficient for the purpose.
(3)	If assets in this State are inadequate for either of the purposes stated in subdivisions (1) or (2) above, the claims  allowed in this State shall be paid, pro rata by class, to the extent the local assets will permit.
(4)	If the value of the entire estate, wherever administered, is  insufficient to pay all exemptions and allowances, prior charges and claims against the entire estate, the priority for order of payment established by the law of the domicile will prevail.
"§ 28A‑26‑9.  Remission of surplus assets by ancillary personal representative to domiciliary personal representative.
Unless a testator in a will otherwise directs, any assets (including proceeds from the sale of real estate) remaining after payment of claims against the estate of a nonresident decedent being administered by an ancillary personal representative other than the domiciliary personal representative shall be transferred and delivered to the domiciliary personal representative or, if none, to the court in the domicile of the decedent which has jurisdiction to administer the estate.
"Article 27. 
"Apportionment of Federal Estate Tax. 
"§ 28A‑27‑1.  Definitions.
For the purposes of this Article:
(1)	"Estate" means the gross estate of a decedent as determined for the purpose of the federal estate tax.
(2)	"Fiduciary" includes a personal representative and a trustee.
(3)	"Person" means any individual, partnership, association, joint stock company, corporation, governmental agency, including any multiples or combinations of the foregoing as, for example, individuals as joint tenants.
(4)	"Person interested in the estate" means any person, including a personal representative, guardian, or trustee, entitled to receive, or who has received, from a decedent while alive or by reason of the death of a decedent any property or interest therein included in the decedent's taxable estate.
(5)	"State" means any state, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
(6)	"Tax" means the net Federal Estate Tax due, after application of any available unified transfer tax credit, and interest and penalties imposed in addition to the tax.
"§ 28A‑27‑2.  Apportionment.
(a)	Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, or in G.S. 28A‑27‑5, G.S. 28A‑27‑6, or G.S. 28A‑27‑8, the tax shall be apportioned among all persons interested in the estate in the proportion that the value of the interest of each person interested in the estate bears to the total value of the interests of all persons interested in the estate. The values as finally determined for federal estate tax purposes shall be used for the purposes of this computation.
(b)	In the event the decedent's will provides a method of apportionment of the tax different from the method provided in subsection (a) above, the method described in the will shall control. However, in the case of any will executed on or after October 1, 1986, a general direction in the will that taxes shall not be apportioned, whether or not referring to this Article, but shall be paid from the residuary portion of the estate shall not, unless specifically stated otherwise, apply to taxes imposed on assets which are includible in the valuation of the decedent's gross estate for federal estate tax purposes only by reason of Sections 2041, 2042 or 2044 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or corresponding provisions of any subsequent tax law. In the case of an estate administered under any will executed on or after October 1, 1986, in the event that the estate tax computation involves assets described in the preceding sentence, unless specifically stated otherwise, apportionment shall be made against such assets and the tax so apportioned shall be recovered from the persons receiving such assets as provided in Sections 2206, 2207 or 2207A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or corresponding provisions of any subsequent tax law.
"§ 28A‑27‑3.  Procedure for determining apportionment.
(a)	The personal representative of a decedent shall determine the apportionment of the tax.
(b)	If the personal representative finds that it is inequitable to  apportion interest and penalties in the manner provided in this Article because such interest or penalties were imposed due to the fault of one or more persons interested in the  estate, the personal representative may direct apportionment thereon in the manner  the personal representative finds equitable.
(c)	The expenses reasonably incurred by the personal representative in connection with the apportionment of the tax shall be apportioned as provided for taxes under this Article. If the personal representative finds that it is inequitable to apportion the expenses because such expenses were incurred because of the fault of one or more persons interested in the  estate, the personal representative may direct other more equitable apportionment.
"§ 28A‑27‑4.  Uncollected tax.
The personal representative shall not be under any duty to institute any suit or proceeding to recover from any person interested in the estate the amount of the tax apportioned to the person until the expiration of the six months next following final determination of the tax. A personal representative who institutes the suit or proceeding within a reasonable time after the six months' period shall not be subject to any liability or surcharge because any portion of the tax apportioned to any person interested in the estate was collectable at a time following the death of the decedent but thereafter became uncollectable. If the personal representative cannot collect from any person interested in the estate the amount of the tax apportioned to the person, the amount not recoverable shall be apportioned among the other persons interested in the estate who are subject to apportionment. The apportionment shall be made in the proportion that the value of the interest of each remaining person interested in the estate bears to the total value of the interests of all remaining persons interested in the estate.
"§ 28A‑27‑5.  Exemptions, deductions, and credits.
(a)	Any interest for which a deduction or exemption is allowed under the federal revenue laws in determining the value of the decedent's net taxable estate, such as property passing to or in trust for a surviving spouse and gifts or bequests for charitable, public, or similar purposes, shall not be included in the computation provided for in G.S. 28A‑27‑2 to the extent of the allowable deduction or exemption. When such an interest is subject to a prior present interest which is not allowable as a deduction or exemption, such present interest shall not be included in the computation provided for in this Article and no tax shall be apportioned to or paid from principal.
(b)	Any credit for property previously taxed and any credit for gift taxes or death taxes of a foreign country paid by the decedent or  the decedent's estate shall inure to the proportionate benefit of all persons liable to apportionment; provided, however, that if the tax which gives rise to such a credit has in fact been paid by a person interested in the estate, the benefit of such credit shall inure to that person paying the tax.
(c)	Any credit for inheritance, succession, or estate taxes or taxes in the nature thereof in respect to property or interests includible in the estate shall inure to the benefit of the persons or interests chargeable with the payment thereof to the extent that, or in the proportion that, the credit reduces the tax.
(d)	To the extent that property passing to or in trust for a surviving spouse or any charitable, public, or similar gift or bequest does not constitute an allowed deduction for purposes of the tax solely by reason of an inheritance tax or other death tax imposed upon and deductible from the property, the property shall not be included in the computation provided for in this Article, and to that extent no apportionment shall be made against the property. This section does not apply in any instance where the result will be to deprive the estate of a deduction otherwise allowable under Section 2053(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 of the United States or corresponding provisions of any subsequent tax law, relating to deduction for State death taxes on transfers for public, charitable, or religious uses.
"§ 28A‑27‑6.  No apportionment between temporary and remainder interests.
No interest in income and no estate for years or for life or other temporary interest in any property or fund is subject to apportionment as between the temporary interest and the remainder. The tax on the temporary interest and the tax, if any, on the remainder is chargeable against the corpus of the property or funds subject to the temporary interest and remainder.
"§ 28A‑27‑7.  Fiduciary's rights and duties.
(a)	The personal representative may withhold from any property of the decedent in  the personal representative's possession, distributable to any person interested in the estate, the amount of the tax apportioned to  the person's interest. If the property in possession of the personal representative and distributable to any person interested in the estate tax is insufficient to satisfy the proportionate amount of the tax determined to be due from the person, the personal representative may recover the deficiency from the person interested in the estate. If the property is not in the possession of the personal  representative, the personal representative may recover from any person interested in the estate the amount of the tax apportioned to the person in accordance with this Article.
(b)	If property held by the fiduciary or other person is distributed prior to final apportionment of the tax, the personal representative may require the distributee to provide a bond or other security for the apportionment liability in the form and amount prescribed by the fiduciary, with the approval of the clerk of superior court having jurisdiction of the administration of the estate.
"§ 28A‑27‑8.  Difference with Federal Estate Tax Law.
If the liabilities of persons interested in the estate as prescribed by this Article differ from those which result under the Federal Estate Tax Law, the liabilities imposed by the federal law will control and the balance of this Article shall apply as if the resulting liabilities had been prescribed herein.
"§ 28A‑27‑9.  Effective date.
The provisions of this Article shall not apply to taxes due on account of the death of decedents dying prior to October 1, 1986.
"Article 28.
"Summary Administration.
"§ 28A‑28‑1.  Summary administration where spouse is sole beneficiary.
When a decedent dies testate or intestate leaving a surviving spouse as the sole devisee or heir, the surviving spouse may file a petition for summary administration with the clerk of superior court of the county where the decedent was domiciled at the time of death. This procedure is available if the decedent died partially testate, provided that the surviving spouse is the sole devisee under the will and the sole heir of the decedent's intestate property. This procedure is not available if the decedent's will provides that it is not available or if the devise to the surviving spouse is in trust rather than outright.
"§ 28A‑28‑2.  Petition.
(a)	The petition shall be signed by the surviving spouse and verified to be accurate and complete to the best of the spouse's knowledge and belief and shall state as follows:
(1)	The name and address of the spouse and the fact that  the spouse is the surviving spouse of the decedent;
(2)	The name and domicile of the decedent at the time of death;
(3)	The date and place of death of the decedent;
(4)	The date and place of marriage of the spouse and the decedent;
(5)	A description sufficient to identify each tract of real property owned in whole or in part by the decedent at the time of death;
(6)	A description of the nature of the decedent's personal property and the location of such property, as far as these facts are known or can with reasonable diligence be ascertained;
(7)	The probable value of the decedent's personal property, so far as the value is known or can with reasonable diligence be ascertained;
(8)	That no application or petition for appointment of a personal representative is pending or has been granted in this State;
(9)	That the spouse is the sole devisee or sole heir, or both, of the decedent, and that there is no other devisee or heir; that the decedent's will, if any, does not prohibit summary administration; and that any property passing to the spouse under the will is not in trust;
(10)	The name and address of any executor or coexecutor named by the will and that, if the decedent died testate, a copy of the petition has been personally delivered or sent by first‑class mail by the spouse to the last‑known address of any executor or coexecutor named by the will, if different from the spouse;
(11)	That, to the extent of the value of the property received by the spouse under the will of the decedent or by intestate succession, the spouse assumes all liabilities of the decedent that were not discharged by reason of death and assumes liability for all taxes and valid claims against the decedent or the estate, as provided in G.S. 28A‑28‑6; and
(12)	If the decedent died testate, that the decedent's will has been admitted to probate in the court of the proper county; that a duly certified copy of the will has been recorded in each county in which is located any real property owned by the decedent at the time of death; and that a certified copy of the decedent's will is attached to the petition.
(b)	The petition shall be filed by the clerk upon payment of the fee provided in G.S. 7A‑307 and shall be indexed in the index to estates.
"§ 28A‑28‑3.  Clerk's order.
If it appears to the clerk that the petition and supporting evidence, if any, comply with the requirements of G.S. 28A‑28‑2 and on the basis thereof the spouse is entitled to summary administration, the clerk shall enter an order to that effect and no further administration of the estate is necessary. Nothing in this section shall preclude a petition under the provisions of G.S. 28A‑28‑7(a) or the appointment of a personal representative or a collector under the provisions of Article 6 or Article 11 of this Chapter.
"§ 28A‑28‑4.  Effect of order.
(a)	The presentation of a certified copy of the order described in G.S. 28A‑28‑3 shall be sufficient to require the transfer to the spouse of any property or contract right owned by the decedent at the time of death, including but not limited to: (i) wages and salary; (ii) the title and license to a motor vehicle registered in the name of the decedent owner; (iii) the ownership rights of a savings account, checking account, or certificate of deposit in a bank in the name of the decedent owner; (iv) the ownership rights of a savings account, share certificate, or certificate of deposit in a credit union, building and loan association, or savings and loan association in the name of the decedent owner; and (v) the ownership rights in any stock or security registered on the books of a corporation in the name of the decedent owner.
(b)	After the entry of the order described in G.S. 28A‑28‑3, the spouse may convey, lease, sell, or mortgage any real property devised to or inherited by the spouse from the decedent, at public or private sale, upon such terms as the spouse may determine. This section shall not limit any other powers the spouse may have over property devised to or inherited by the spouse from the decedent. The provisions of G.S. 28A‑17‑12 are not applicable to a conveyance, sale, lease, or mortgage under this subsection.
"§ 28A‑28‑5.  Effect of payment.
The person paying, delivering, transferring, or issuing property or the evidence thereof pursuant to the order described in G.S. 28A‑28‑3 is discharged and released to the same extent as if the person dealt with a duly qualified personal representative of the decedent. The person is not required to see to the application of the property or evidence thereof or to inquire into the truth of any statement in the petition or order.
If any person to whom the order is presented refuses to pay, deliver, transfer, or issue any property or evidence thereof, the property may be recovered or its payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance may be compelled in an action brought for that purpose by the surviving spouse. The court costs and attorney's fee incident to the action shall be taxed against the person whose refusal to comply with the provisions of G.S. 28A‑28‑4 made the action necessary.
"§ 28A‑28‑6.  Spouse's assumption of liabilities.
If the clerk grants the order for summary administration, the spouse shall be deemed to have assumed, to the extent of the value of the property received by the spouse under the will of the decedent or by intestate succession, all liabilities of the decedent that were not discharged by reason of death and liability for all taxes and valid claims against the decedent or the estate. The value of the property is the fair market value of the property on the date of death of the decedent less any liens or encumbrances on the property so received. The spouse may assert any defense, counterclaim, cross‑claim, or setoff which would have been available to the decedent if the decedent had not died except for actions listed in G.S. 28A‑18‑1(b). A spouse shall not be deemed to have assumed any liabilities of the decedent that were discharged by reason of death.
"§ 28A‑28‑7.  Right to petition for appointment of personal representative; discharge of spouse's liability.
(a)	Nothing in this Article shall preclude any person qualified to serve as personal representative pursuant to G.S. 28A‑4‑1, including the surviving spouse, from petitioning the clerk of superior court for the appointment of a personal representative or collector to administer the decedent's estate. If a personal representative or collector is appointed, the spouse shall render a proper accounting to the personal representative or collector and file a copy of the accounting with the clerk. The spouse shall deliver assets of the decedent's estate, cash, or other property and shall be discharged of liability in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of this section.
(b)	In the event that a personal representative or collector is appointed, the spouse shall be discharged of liability for the debts of the decedent as follows:
(1)	If the spouse delivers to the personal representative or collector all of the property received by the spouse in the identical form that it was received by the spouse, then the spouse will be discharged of all liability.
(2)	If the spouse does not deliver to the personal representative or collector all of the property in the identical form that it was received by the spouse, then the spouse shall be discharged of liability as follows:
a.	For property delivered to the personal representative or collector that is in the identical form that it was received by the spouse, the spouse is discharged to the extent of the fair market value of the property at the time of the decedent's death or the fair market value at the time the property was received by the personal representative or collector, whichever is greater.
b.	For property delivered to the personal representative or collector that is not in the identical form that it was received by the spouse, the spouse is discharged to the extent of the fair market value of such property at the time it was delivered to the personal representative or collector.
"Article 29.
"Notice to Creditors Without Estate Administration.
"§ 28A‑29‑1.  Notice to creditors without estate administration.
When a decedent dies testate or intestate leaving no property subject to probate, any person otherwise qualified to serve as personal representative of the estate pursuant to Article 4 of this Chapter or the trustee then serving under the terms of a revocable trust created by the decedent may file a petition to be appointed as a limited personal representative to provide notice to creditors without administration of an estate before the clerk of superior court of the county where the decedent was domiciled at the time of death. This procedure is not available if the decedent's will provides that it is not available. A limited personal representative shall have the rights and obligations provided for in this Article."
SECTION 5.  Chapter 29 of the General Statutes reads as rewritten:
"Chapter 29.
"Intestate Succession.
"Article 1. 
"General Provisions. 
"§ 29‑1.  Short title.
This Chapter shall be known and may be cited as the Intestate Succession Act.
"§ 29‑2.  Definitions.
As used in this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the term:
(1)	"Advancement" means an irrevocable inter vivos gift of property, made by an intestate donor to any person who would be  the donor's heir or one of  the donor's heirs upon  the donor's death, and intended by the intestate donor to enable the donee to anticipate  the donee's inheritance to the extent of the gift; except that no gift to a spouse shall be considered an advancement unless so designated by the intestate donor in a writing signed by the donor at the time of the gift.
(2)	"Estate" means all the property of a decedent, including but not limited to:
a.	An estate for the life of another; and
b.	All future interests in property not terminable by the death of the owner thereof, including all reversions, remainders, executory interests, rights of entry and possibilities of reverter, subject, however, to all limitations and conditions imposed upon such future interests.
(3)	"Heir" means any person entitled to take real or personal property upon intestacy under the provisions of this Chapter.
(4)	"Lineal descendants" of a person means all children of such person and successive generations of children of such children.
(5)	"Net estate" means the estate of a decedent, exclusive of family allowances, costs of administration, and all lawful claims against the estate.
(6)	"Share," when used to describe the share of a net estate or property which any person is entitled to take, includes both the fractional share of the personal property and the undivided fractional interest in the real property, which the person is entitled to take.
"§ 29‑3.  Certain distinctions as to intestate succession abolished.
In the determination of those persons who take upon intestate succession there is no distinction:
(1)	Between real and personal property, or
(2)	Between ancestral and nonancestral property, or
(3)	Between relations of the whole blood and those of the half blood.
"§ 29‑4.  Curtesy and dower abolished.
The estates of curtesy and dower are hereby abolished.
"§ 29‑5.  Computation of next of kin.
Degrees of kinship shall be computed as provided in G.S. 104A‑1.
"§ 29‑6.  Lineal succession unlimited.
There shall be no limitation on the right of succession by lineal descendants of an intestate.
"§ 29‑7.  Collateral succession limited.
There shall be no right of succession by collateral kin who are more than five degrees of kinship removed from an intestate; provided that if there is no collateral relative within the five degrees of kinship referred to herein, then collateral succession shall be unlimited to prevent any property from escheating.
"§ 29‑8.  Partial intestacy.
If part but not all of the estate of a decedent is validly disposed of by  the decedent's will, the part not disposed of by such will shall descend and be distributed as intestate property.
"§ 29‑9.  Inheritance by unborn infant.
Lineal descendants and other relatives of an intestate born within 10 lunar months after the death of the intestate, shall inherit as if they had been born in the lifetime of the intestate and had survived him.
"§ 29‑10.  Renunciation.
Renunciation of an intestate share shall be as provided for in Chapter 31B of the General Statutes.
"§ 29‑11.  Aliens.
Unless otherwise provided by law, it shall be no bar to intestate succession by any person, that  the person, or any other person through whom  the person traces the person's inheritance, is or has been an alien.
"§ 29‑12.  Escheats.
If there is no person entitled to take under G.S. 29‑14 or G.S. 29‑15, or if in case of an illegitimate intestate, there is no one entitled to take under G.S. 29‑21 or G.S. 29‑22 the net estate shall escheat as provided in G.S. 116B‑2.
"§ 29‑12.1.  Controversies under this Chapter.
Any controversy arising under this Chapter shall be determined as an estate proceeding under Article 2 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes, except that controversies arising under Article 8 of this Chapter shall be determined as set forth in that Chapter.
"Article 2.
"Shares of Persons Who Take upon Intestacy.
"§ 29‑13.  Descent and distribution upon intestacy; 120‑hour survivorship requirement, revised simultaneous death act, Article 24, Chapter 28A.
(a)	All the estate of a person dying intestate shall descend and be distributed, subject to the payment of costs of administration and other lawful claims against the estate, and subject to the payment of State inheritance or estate taxes, as provided in this Chapter.
(b)	The determination of whether an heir has predeceased a person dying intestate shall be made as provided by Article 24 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes.
"§ 29‑14.  Share of surviving spouse.
(a)	Real Property. – The share of the surviving spouse in the real property is:
(1)	If the intestate is survived by only one child or by any lineal descendant of only one deceased child, a one‑half undivided interest in the real property;
(2)	If the intestate is survived by two or more children, or by one child and any lineal descendant of one or more deceased children or by lineal descendants of two or more deceased children, a one‑third undivided interest in the real property;
(3)	If the intestate is not survived by a child, children or any lineal descendant of a deceased child or children, but is survived by one or more parents, a one‑half undivided interest in the real property;
(4)	If the intestate is not survived by a child, children or any lineal descendant of a deceased child or children, or by a parent, all the real property.
(b)	Personal Property. – The share of the surviving spouse in the personal property is:
(1)	If the intestate is survived by only one child or by any lineal descendant of only one deceased child, and the net personal property does not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in value, all of the personal property; if the net personal property exceeds thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in value, the sum of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) plus one half of the balance of the personal property;
(2)	If the intestate is survived by two or more children, or by one child and any lineal descendant of one or more deceased children, or by lineal descendants of two or more deceased children, and the net personal property does not exceed thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in value, all of the personal property; if the net personal property exceeds thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) in value, the sum of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) plus one third of the balance of the personal property;
(3)	If the intestate is not survived by a child, children, or any lineal descendant of a deceased child or children, but is survived by one or more parents, and the net personal property does not exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) in value, all of the personal property; if the net personal property exceeds fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) in value, the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) plus one half of the balance of the personal property;
(4)	If the intestate is not survived by a child, children, or any lineal descendant of a deceased child or children, or by a parent, all of the personal property.
(c)	When an equitable distribution of property is awarded to the surviving spouse pursuant to G.S. 50‑20 subsequent to the death of the decedent, the share of the surviving spouse determined under subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall be first determined as though no property had been awarded to the surviving spouse pursuant to G.S. 50‑20 subsequent to the death of the decedent, and then reduced by the net value of the marital estate awarded to the surviving spouse pursuant to G.S. 50‑20 subsequent to the death of the decedent.
"§ 29‑15.  Shares of others than surviving spouse.
Those persons surviving the intestate, other than the surviving spouse, shall take that share of the net estate not distributable to the surviving spouse, or the entire net estate if there is no surviving spouse, as follows:
(1)	If the intestate is survived by only one child or by only one lineal descendant of only one deceased child, that person shall take the entire net estate or share, but if the intestate is survived by two or more lineal descendants of only one deceased child, they shall take as provided in G.S. 29‑16; or
(2)	If the intestate is survived by two or more children or by one child and any lineal descendant of one or more deceased children, or by lineal descendants of two or more deceased children, they shall take as provided in G.S. 29‑16; or
(3)	If the intestate is not survived by a child, children or any  lineal descendant of a deceased child or children, but is survived by both parents, they shall take in equal shares, or if either parent is dead, the surviving parent shall take the entire share; or
(4)	If the intestate is not survived by such children or lineal descendants or by a parent, the brothers and sisters of the intestate, and the lineal descendants of any deceased brothers or sisters, shall take as provided in G.S. 29‑16; or
(5)	If there is no one entitled to take under the preceding subdivisions of this section or under G.S. 29‑14,
a.	The paternal grandparents shall take one half of the net estate in equal shares, or, if either is dead, the survivor shall take the entire one half of the net estate, and if neither paternal grandparent survives, then the paternal uncles and aunts of the intestate and the lineal descendants of deceased paternal uncles and aunts shall take said one half as provided in G.S. 29‑16; and
b.	The maternal grandparents shall take the other one half in equal shares, or if either is dead, the survivor shall take the entire one half of the net estate, and if neither maternal grandparent survives, then the maternal  uncles and aunts of the intestate and the lineal descendants of deceased maternal uncles and aunts shall take one half as provided in G.S. 29‑16; but
c.	If there is no grandparent and no uncle or aunt, or lineal descendant of a deceased uncle or aunt, on the paternal side, then those of the maternal side who otherwise would be entitled to take one half as hereinbefore provided in this subdivision shall take the whole; or
d.	If there is no grandparent and no uncle or aunt, or lineal descendant of a deceased uncle or aunt, on the maternal side, then those on the paternal side who otherwise would be entitled to take one half as hereinbefore provided in this subdivision shall take the whole.
"Article 3. 
"Distribution among Classes. 
"§ 29‑16.  Distribution among classes.
(a)	Children and Their Lineal Descendants. – If the intestate is survived by lineal descendants, their respective shares in the property which they are entitled to take under G.S. 29‑15 of this Chapter shall be determined in the following manner:
(1)	Children. – To determine the share of each surviving child, divide the property by the number of surviving children plus the number of deceased children who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate.
(2)	Grandchildren. – To determine the share of each surviving grandchild by a deceased child of the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivision of this subsection, divide that property by the number of such surviving grandchildren plus the number of deceased grandchildren who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate.
(3)	Great‑Grandchildren. – To determine the share of each surviving great‑grandchild by a deceased grandchild of the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, divide that property by the  number of such surviving great‑grandchildren plus the number of deceased great‑grandchildren who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate.
(4)	Great‑Great‑Grandchildren. – To determine the share of each surviving great‑great‑grandchild by a deceased great‑grandchild of the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, divide that property by the number of such surviving great‑great‑grandchildren plus the number of deceased great‑great‑grandchildren who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate.
(5)	Other Lineal Descendants of Children. – Divide, according to the formula established in the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, any property not taken under such preceding subdivisions, among the lineal descendants of the children of the intestate not already participating.
(b)	Brothers and Sisters and Their Lineal Descendants. – If the  intestate is survived by brothers and sisters or the lineal descendants of deceased brothers and sisters, their respective shares  in the property which they are entitled to take under G.S. 29‑15 of this Chapter shall be determined in the following manner:
(1)	Brothers and Sisters. – To determine the share of each surviving brother and sister, divide the property by the number of surviving brothers and sisters plus the number of deceased brothers and sisters who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate within the fifth degree of kinship to the intestate.
(2)	Nephews and Nieces. – To determine the share of each surviving nephew or niece by a deceased brother or sister of  the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivision of this subsection, divide that property by the number of such surviving nephews or nieces plus the number of deceased nephews and nieces who have left lineal descendants surviving the intestate within the fifth degree of kinship to the intestate.
(3)	Grandnephews and Grandnieces. – To determine the share of each surviving grandnephew or grandniece by a deceased nephew or niece of the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, divide that property by the number of such surviving grandnephews and grandnieces plus the number of deceased grandnephews and grandnieces who have left children surviving the intestate.
(4)	Great‑Grandnephews and Great‑Grandnieces. – To determine the share of each surviving child of a deceased grandnephew or grandniece of the intestate, divide equally among the great‑grandnephews and great‑grandnieces of the intestate any property not taken under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection.
(5)	Grandparents and Others. – If there is no one within the fifth degree of kinship to the intestate entitled to take the property under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, then the intestate's property shall go to those entitled to take under G.S. 29‑15(5).
(c)	Uncles and Aunts and Their Lineal Descendants. – If the intestate is survived by uncles and aunts or the lineal descendants of deceased uncles and aunts, their respective shares in the property which they are entitled to take under G.S. 29‑15 shall be determined in the following manner:
(1)	Uncles and Aunts. – To determine the share of each surviving uncle and aunt, divide the property by the number of surviving uncles and aunts plus the number of deceased uncles and aunts who have left children or grandchildren surviving the intestate.
(2)	Children of Uncles and Aunts. – To determine the share of each surviving child of a deceased uncle or aunt of the intestate in the property not taken under the preceding subdivision of this subsection, divide that property by the number of surviving children of deceased uncles and aunts plus the number of deceased children of deceased uncles and aunts who have left children surviving the intestate.
(3)	Grandchildren of Uncles and Aunts. – To determine the share of each surviving child of a deceased child of a deceased uncle or aunt of the intestate, divide equally among the grandchildren of uncles or aunts of the intestate any property not taken under the preceding subdivisions of this subsection.
"Article 4. 
"Adopted Children. 
"§ 29‑17.  Succession by, through and from adopted children.
(a)	A child, adopted in accordance with Chapter 48 of the General Statutes or in accordance with the applicable law of any other jurisdiction, and the heirs of such child, are entitled by succession  to any property by, through and from  the child's adoptive parents and their heirs the same as if the child were the natural legitimate child of the adoptive parents.
(b)	An adopted child is not entitled by succession to any property, by, through, or from  the child's natural parents or their heirs, except as provided in subsection (e) of this section.
(c)	The adoptive parents and the heirs of the adoptive parents are  entitled by succession to any property, by, through and from an adopted child the same as if the adopted child were the natural legitimate child of the adoptive parents.
(d)	The natural parents and the heirs of the natural parents are not entitled by succession to any property, by, through or from an adopted child, except as provided in subsection (e) of this section.
(e)	If a natural parent has previously married, is married to, or shall marry an adoptive parent, the adopted child is considered the child of such natural parent for all purposes of intestate succession.
"Article 5. 
"Legitimated Children. 
"§ 29‑18.  Succession by, through and from legitimated children.
A child born an illegitimate who shall have been legitimated in accordance with G.S. 49‑10 or 49‑12 or in accordance with the applicable law of any other jurisdiction, and the heirs of such child, are entitled by succession to property by, through and from  the child's father and mother and their heirs the same as if born in lawful wedlock; and if  the child dies intestate,  the child's property shall descend and be distributed as if  the child had been born in lawful wedlock.
"Article 6.
"Illegitimate Children.
"§ 29‑19.  Succession by, through and from illegitimate children.
(a)	For purposes of intestate succession, an illegitimate child shall be treated as if that child were the legitimate child of  the child's mother, so that  the child and  the child's lineal descendants are entitled to take by, through and from  the child's mother and  the child's other maternal kindred, both descendants and collaterals, and they are entitled to take from  the child.
(b)	For purposes of intestate succession, an illegitimate child shall be entitled to take by, through and from:
(1)	Any person who has been finally adjudged to be the father of such child pursuant to the provisions of G.S. 49‑1 through 49‑9 or the provisions of G.S. 49‑14 through 49‑16;
(2)	Any person who has acknowledged himself during his own lifetime and the child's lifetime to be the father of such child in a written instrument executed or acknowledged before a certifying officer named in G.S. 52‑10(b) and filed during his own lifetime and the child's lifetime in the office of the clerk of superior court of the county where either he or the child resides.
Notwithstanding the above provisions, no person shall be entitled to take hereunder unless  the person has given written notice of the basis of  the person's claim to the personal representative of the putative father within six months after the date of the first publication or posting of the general notice to creditors.
(c)	Any person described under subdivision (b)(1) or (2) above and  the person's lineal and collateral kin shall be entitled to inherit by, through and from the illegitimate child.
(d)	Any person who acknowledges  that he is the father of an illegitimate child in his duly probated last will shall be deemed to have intended that such child be treated as expressly provided for in said will or, in the absence of any express provision, the same as a legitimate child.
"§ 29‑20.  Descent and distribution upon intestacy of illegitimate children.
All the estate of a person dying illegitimate and intestate shall descend and be distributed, subject to the payment of costs of administration and other lawful claims against the estate, and subject to the payment of State inheritance or estate taxes, as provided in this Article.
"§ 29‑21.  Share of surviving spouse.
The share of the surviving spouse of an illegitimate intestate shall be the same as provided in G.S. 29‑14 for the surviving spouse of a legitimate person. In determining whether the illegitimate intestate is survived by one or more parents as provided in G.S. 29‑14(3), any person identified as the father under G.S. 29‑19(b)(1) or (b)(2) shall be regarded as a parent.
"§ 29‑22.  Shares of others than the surviving spouse.
Those persons surviving the illegitimate intestate, other than the surviving spouse, shall take that share of the net estate provided in G.S. 29‑15. In determining whether the illegitimate intestate is survived by one or more parents or their collateral kindred as provided in G.S. 29‑15, any person identified as the father under G.S. 29‑19(b)(1) or (b)(2) shall be regarded as a parent.
"Article 7. 
"Advancements. 
"§ 29‑23.  In general.
If a person dies intestate as to all  the person's estate, property which  the person gave in his lifetime as an advancement shall be counted toward the advancee's intestate share, and to the extent that it does not exceed such intestate share, shall be taken into account in computing the estate to be distributed.
"§ 29‑24.  Presumption of gift.
A gratuitous inter vivos transfer is presumed to be an absolute gift and not an advancement unless shown to be an advancement.
"§ 29‑25.  Effect of advancement.
If the amount of the advancement equals or exceeds the intestate share of the  advancee, the advancee he shall be excluded from any further portion in the distribution of the estate, but  the advancee shall not be required to refund any part of such advancement; and if the amount of the advancement is less than  the advancee's share,  the advancee shall be entitled to such additional amount as will give  the advancee the advancee's full share of the intestate donor's estate.
"§ 29‑26.  Valuation.
The value of the property given as an advancement shall be  determined as of the time when the advancee came into possession or enjoyment, or at the time of the death of the intestate, whichever first occurs. However, if the value of the property, so advanced, is stated by the intestate donor in a writing signed by  the intestate donor and designating the gift as an advancement, such value shall be deemed the value of the advancement.
"§ 29‑27.  Death of advancee before intestate donor.
If the advancee dies before the intestate donor leaving a lineal heir or heirs who take by intestate succession from the intestate donor, the advancement shall be taken into account in the same manner as if it had been made directly to such heir or heirs, but the value shall be determined as of the time the original advancee came into possession or enjoyment, or when the heir or heirs came into possession or enjoyment or at the time of the death of the intestate donor, whichever first occurs.
"§ 29‑28.  Inventory.
If any person who has, in the lifetime of an intestate donor, received a part of the donor's property, refuses, upon order of the clerk of superior court of the county in which the administrator or collector qualifies, to give an inventory on oath, setting forth therein to the best of  the person's knowledge and belief the particulars of the transfer of such property,  the person shall be considered to have received  the person's full share of the donor's estate, and shall not be entitled to receive any further part or share.
"§ 29‑29.  Release by advancee.
If the advancee acknowledges to the intestate donor by a signed writing that  the advancee has been advanced  the advancee's full share of the intestate donor's estate, both  the advancee and those claiming through  the advancee shall be excluded from any further participation in the intestate donor's estate.
"Article 8.
"Election to Take Life Interest in Lieu of Intestate Share.
"§ 29‑30.  Election of surviving spouse to take life interest in lieu of intestate share provided.
(a)	In lieu of the intestate share provided in G.S. 29‑14 or G.S. 29‑21, or of the elective share provided in G.S. 30‑3.1, the surviving spouse of an intestate or the surviving spouse who has petitioned for an elective share shall be entitled to take as  the surviving spouse's intestate share or elective share a life estate in one third in value of all the real estate of which the deceased spouse was seised and possessed of an estate of inheritance at any time during coverture, except that real estate as to which the surviving spouse:
(1)	Has waived  the surviving spouse's rights by joining with the other spouse in a conveyance thereof, or
(2)	Has  released or quitclaimed  the surviving spouse's interest therein in accordance with G.S. 52‑10, or
(3)	Was not required by law to join in conveyance thereof in order to bar the elective life estate, or
(4)	Is otherwise not legally entitled to the election provided in this section.
(b)	 The surviving spouse may elect to take a life estate in the usual dwelling house occupied by the surviving spouse at the time of the death of the deceased spouse if such dwelling house were owned by the deceased spouse at the time of  the deceased spouse's death, together with the outbuildings, improvements and easements thereunto belonging or appertaining, and lands upon which situated and reasonably necessary to the use and enjoyment thereof, as well as a fee simple ownership in the household furnishings  therein, despite the fact that a life estate  therein might exceed the fractional limitation provided for in subsection (a) of this section. If the value of a life estate in the dwelling house is less than the value of a life estate in one­third in value of all the real estate, the surviving spouse may elect to take a life estate in the dwelling and a life estate in such other real estate as to make the aggregate life estate of the surviving spouse equal to a life estate in one­third in value of all the real estate.
(c)	The election provided for in subsection (a) shall be made by the filing of a  petition in accordance with Article 2 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes with the clerk of the superior court of the county in which the administration of the estate is pending, or, if no administration is pending, then with the clerk of the superior court of any county in which the administration of the estate could be commenced.  The election shall be made prior to the shorter of the following applicable periods:
(1)	 In case of testacy, (i) within 12 months of the date of  death of the deceased spouse if letters testamentary are not issued within that period, or (ii) within one month after the expiration of the time  limit for  filing  a claim for elective share  if letters have been issued.
(2)	In case of intestacy,  (i) within 12 months after the date of death of the deceased spouse if letters of administration are not issued within that period, or
	 (ii) within one month after the expiration of the time  limit for filing claims against the estate,  if letters have been issued.
(4)	If litigation that affects the share of the surviving spouse in the estate is  pending, including a pending petition for determination of an elective share, then within such reasonable time as may be allowed by written order of the clerk of the superior court.
(5)	Nothing in this subsection shall extend the period of time for a surviving spouse to petition for an elective share under Article 1A of Chapter 30 of the General Statutes.
(c1)	The  petition shall:
(1)	Be directed to the clerk with whom filed;
(2)	State that the surviving spouse making the same elects to take under this section rather than under the provisions of G.S. 29‑14, 29‑21, or 30‑3.1, as applicable;
(3)	Set forth the names of all heirs, devisees, legatees, personal representatives and all other persons in possession of or claiming an estate or an interest in the property described in subsection (a); and
(4)	Request the allotment of the life estate provided for in subsection (a).
(c2)	The  petition may be filed in person, or by attorney authorized in a writing executed and duly acknowledged by the surviving spouse and attested by at least one witness. If the surviving spouse is a minor or an incompetent, the  petition may be executed and filed by a general guardian or by the guardian of the person or estate of the minor or incompetent spouse. If the minor or incompetent spouse has no guardian, the  petition may be executed and filed by a  guardian ad litem appointed by the clerk. The  petition, whether in person or by attorney, shall be filed as a record of the court, and a summons together with a copy of the  petition shall be served upon each of the interested persons named in the petition, in accordance with G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4.
(d)	In case of election to take a life estate in lieu of an intestate share or elective share, as provided in either G.S. 29‑14, 29‑21, or 30‑3.3(a), the clerk of superior court, with whom the  petition has been filed, shall summon and appoint a jury of three disinterested persons who being first duly sworn shall promptly allot and set apart to the surviving spouse the life estate provided for in subsection (a) and make a final report of such action to the clerk.
(e)	The final report shall be filed by the jury not more than 60 days after the summoning and appointment thereof, shall be signed by all jurors, and shall describe by metes and bounds the real estate in which the surviving spouse shall have been allotted and set aside a life estate. It shall be filed as a record of court and a certified copy thereof shall be filed and recorded in the office of the register of deeds of each county in which any part of the real property of the deceased spouse, affected by the allotment, is located.
(f)	In the election and procedure to have the life estate allotted and set apart provided for in this section, the rules of procedure relating to partition proceedings under Chapter 46 of the General Statutes shall apply except insofar as the same would be inconsistent with the provisions of this section. A determination of the life estate under this section may be appealed in accordance with G.S. 1‑301.3.
(g)	Neither the household furnishings in the dwelling house nor the life estates taken by election under this section shall be subject to the payment of debts due from the estate of the deceased spouse, except those debts secured by such property as follows:
(1)	By a mortgage or deed of trust in which the surviving spouse has waived  the surviving spouse's rights by joining with the other spouse in the making thereof; or
(2)	By a purchase money mortgage or deed of trust, or by a conditional sales contract of personal property in which title is retained by the vendor, made prior to or during the marriage; or
(3)	By a mortgage or deed of trust made prior to the marriage; or
(4)	By a mortgage or deed of trust constituting a lien on the property at the time of its acquisition by the deceased spouse either before or during the marriage.
(h)	If no election is made in the manner and within the time provided for in subsection (c) the surviving spouse shall be conclusively deemed to have waived  the surviving spouse's right to elect to take under the provisions of this section, and any interest which the surviving spouse may have had in the real estate of the deceased spouse by virtue of this section shall terminate."
SECTION 6.  G.S. 30‑3.4 reads as rewritten:
"§ 30‑3.4.  Procedure for determining the elective share.
(a)	Exercisable Only During Lifetime. – The right of the surviving spouse to file a claim for an elective share must be exercised during the lifetime of the surviving spouse, by the surviving spouse, by the surviving spouse's attorney‑in‑fact if the surviving spouse's power of attorney expressly authorizes the attorney‑in‑fact to do so or to generally engage in estate transactions, or, with approval of court, by the guardian of the surviving spouse's estate or general guardian. If a surviving spouse dies before the claim for an elective share has been settled, the surviving spouse's personal representative shall succeed to the surviving spouse's rights to an elective share.
(b)	Time Limitations. – A claim for an elective share must be made within six months after the issuance of letters testamentary or letters of administration in connection with the will or intestate proceeding with respect to which the surviving spouse claims the elective share by (i) filing a petition with the clerk of superior court of the county in which the primary administration of the decedent's estate lies, and (ii) mailing or delivering a copy of that petition to the personal representative of the decedent's estate. A surviving spouse's incapacity shall not toll the six‑month period of limitations.
	(d)	Repealed by Session Laws 2009, c. 368, s. 1, effective July 27, 2009, and applicable to decedents dying on or after October 1 , 2009.
(d1)	Mediation. – The clerk may order mediation as described in G.S. 7A‑38.3B of any disputes in connection with an elective share proceeding.
(e)	Repealed by Session Laws 2009, c. 368, s. 1, effective July 27, 2009, and applicable to decedents dying on or after October 1 , 2009.
(e1)	Procedure. – An elective share proceeding shall be an estate  proceeding and shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures of Article 2 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes.
(e2)	Information About Total Net Assets. – In order to assist the clerk in determining whether a surviving spouse is entitled to an elective share, and, if so, the amount thereof, the following provisions apply:
(1)	Submission within two months. – In every case in which a petition to determine an elective share has been filed, within two months of the filing of the petition, the personal representative shall submit sufficient information about the total assets for the clerk to determine the elective share. To fulfill its obligation to provide information, the personal representative may prepare and submit to the clerk a proposed Form 706, United States Estate (and Generation‑Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, for the estate, regardless of whether that form is required to be filed with the Internal Revenue Service. The clerk may extend the time for submission of the proposed Form 706 or other information as the clerk sees fit.
(2)	Examination regarding assets. – If the personal representative, the surviving spouse, or a responsible person has reasonable grounds to believe that any person has a claim or has in its possession assets included in Total Net Assets, then the personal representative, surviving spouse, or responsible person may use the procedures set out in G.S. 28A‑15‑12 to cause the clerk to examine the person believed to have a claim or to possess assets included in Total Net Assets.
(f)	Findings and Conclusions. – After notice and hearing, the clerk shall determine whether or not the surviving spouse is entitled to an elective share, and if so, the clerk shall then determine the elective share and shall order the personal representative to transfer that amount to the surviving spouse. The clerk's order shall recite specific findings of fact and conclusions of law in arriving at the decedent's Total Net Assets, Property Passing to Surviving Spouse, and the elective share.
(g)	Repealed by Session Laws 2009, c. 368, s. 1, effective July 27, 2009, and applicable to decedents dying on or after October 1, 2009.
(h)	Expenses. – The expenses (including attorneys' fees) reasonably incurred by the personal representative, other responsible persons, and the surviving spouse in connection with elective share proceedings shall be equitably apportioned by the clerk of court in the clerk's discretion among the personal representative, other responsible persons, and the surviving spouse."
SECTION 7.  Article 4 of Chapter 30 of the General Statutes reads as rewritten:
"Article 4.
"Year's Allowance.
"Part 1. Nature of Allowance.
"§ 30‑15.  When spouse entitled to allowance.
Every surviving spouse of an intestate or of a testator, whether or not  the surviving spouse has petitioned for an elective share, shall, unless the surviving spouse has forfeited  the surviving spouse's right thereto, as provided by law, be entitled, out of the personal property of the deceased spouse, to an allowance of the value of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) for the surviving spouse's support for one year after the death of the deceased spouse. Such allowance shall be exempt from any lien, by judgment or execution, acquired against the property of the deceased spouse, and shall, in cases of testacy, be charged against the share of the surviving spouse.
"§ 30‑16.  Duty of personal representative, magistrate, or clerk to assign allowance.
It shall be the duty of every administrator, collector, or executor of a will, on application in writing, signed by the surviving spouse, at any time within one year after the death of the deceased spouse, to assign to the surviving spouse the year's allowance as provided in this Article.
If there shall be no administration, or if the personal representative shall fail or refuse to apply to a magistrate or clerk of court, as provided in G.S. 30‑20, for 10 days after the surviving spouse has filed the aforesaid application, or if the surviving spouse is the personal representative, the surviving spouse may make application to the magistrate or clerk, and it shall be the duty of the magistrate or clerk to proceed in the same manner as though the application had been made by the personal representative.
Where any personal property of the deceased spouse shall be located outside the township or county where the deceased spouse resided at the time of  the deceased spouse's death, the personal representative or the surviving spouse may apply to any magistrate or to any clerk of court of any township or county where such personal property is located, and it shall be the duty of such magistrate or clerk to assign the year's allowance as if the deceased spouse had resided and died in that township.
"§ 30‑17.  When children entitled to an allowance.
Whenever any parent dies survived by any child under the age of 18 years, including an adopted child or a child with whom the widow may be pregnant at the death of her husband, or a child who is less than 22 years of age and is a full‑time student in any educational institution, or a child under 21 years of age who has been declared mentally incompetent, or a child under 21 years of age who is totally disabled, or any other person under the age of 18 years residing with the deceased parent at the time of death to whom the deceased parent or the surviving parent stood in loco parentis, every such child shall be entitled to receive an allowance of two thousand dollars ($2,000) for the child's support for the year next ensuing the death of such parent. Such allowance shall be in addition to the child's share of the deceased parent's estate and shall be exempt from any lien by judgment or execution against the property of such parent. The personal representative of the deceased parent shall, within one year after the parent's death, assign to every such child the allowance herein provided for; but if there is no personal representative or if  the personal representative fails or refuses to act within 10 days after written request by a guardian  on behalf of such child, the allowance may be assigned by a magistrate or clerk of court upon application of said  guardian.
If the child resides with the widow of the deceased parent at the time such allowance is paid, the allowance shall be paid to said widow for the benefit of said child. If the child resides with its surviving parent who is other than the widow of the deceased parent, such allowance shall be paid to said surviving parent for the use and benefit of such child, regardless of whether the deceased died testate or intestate or whether the widow dissented from the will. Provided, however, the allowance shall not be available to an illegitimate child of a deceased father, unless such deceased father shall have recognized the paternity of such illegitimate child by deed, will or other paper‑writing. If the child does not reside with a parent when the allowance is paid, the allowance shall be paid to the child's general guardian, if any, and if none, to the clerk of the superior court who shall receive and disburse same for the benefit of such child.
"§ 30‑18.  From what property allowance assigned.
Such allowance shall be made in money or other personal property of the estate of the deceased spouse.
"Part 2. Assigned by Magistrate or Clerk.
"§ 30‑19.  Value of property ascertained.
The value of the personal property assigned to the surviving spouse and children shall be ascertained by a magistrate or the clerk of court of the county in which administration was granted or the will probated.
"§ 30‑20.  Procedure for assignment.
Upon the application of the surviving spouse, a child by  the child's guardian, or the personal representative of the deceased, the clerk of superior court of the county in which the deceased resided may assign the inquiry to a magistrate of the county. The clerk of court, or magistrate upon assignment, shall ascertain the person or persons entitled to an allowance according to the provisions of this Article, and determine the money or other personal property of the estate, and pay over to or assign to the surviving spouse and to the children, if any, so much thereof as they shall be entitled to as provided in this Article. Any deficiencies shall be made up from any of the personal property of the deceased, and if the personal property of the estate shall be insufficient to satisfy such allowance, the clerk of the superior court shall enter judgment against the personal representative for the amount of such deficiency, to be paid when a sufficiency of such assets shall come into  the personal representative's hands.
"§ 30‑21.  Report of clerk or magistrate.
The clerk of court, or magistrate upon assignment, shall make and sign three lists of the money or other personal property assigned to each person, stating their quantity and value, and the deficiency to be paid by the personal representative. Where the allowance is to the surviving spouse, one of these lists shall be delivered to  the surviving spouse. Where the allowance is to a child, one of these lists shall be delivered to the surviving parent with whom the child is living; or to the child's guardian  if the child is not living with said surviving parent; or to the child if said child is not living with the surviving parent and has no  guardian. One list shall be delivered to the personal representative. One list shall be returned by the magistrate or clerk, within 20 days after the assignment, to the superior court of the county in which administration was granted or the will probated, and the clerk shall file and record the same, together with any judgment entered pursuant to G.S. 30‑20.
"§ 30‑22.  Repealed by Session Laws 1971, c. 528, s. 25.
"§ 30‑23.  Right of appeal.
The personal representative, or the surviving spouse, or child by the child's guardian, or any creditor, legatee or heir of the deceased, may appeal from the finding of the magistrate or clerk of court to the superior court of the county,  by filing a copy of the assignment and a notice of appeal within 10 days after the assignment,  and the appeal shall be heard as provided in G.S. 1‑301.2, provided that the hearing on the appeal shall be at the next available session of superior court.
""§ 30‑25.  Personal representative entitled to credit.
Upon the settlement of the accounts of the personal representative,  the personal representative shall be credited with the articles assigned, and the value of the deficiency assessed as aforesaid, if the same shall have been paid, unless the allowance be impeached for fraud or gross negligence in him.
""Part 3. Assigned in Superior Court.
"§ 30‑27.  Surviving spouse or child may apply to superior court.
 In addition to any support assigned to the surviving spouse or child  as above  prescribed, without application to the personal representative, the surviving spouse, or the child through  the child's guardian  may, after the date specified in the general notice to creditors as provided for in G.S. 28A‑14‑1(a), and within  one year after the decedent's death, apply to the superior court of the county in which administration was granted or the will probated to have a year's support  assigned at an amount other than prescribed in G.S. 30‑15 and G.S. 30‑17.
"§ 30‑28.  Nature of proceeding; parties.
The application shall be by  petition in a special proceeding before the clerk of superior court. The personal representative of the deceased, if there  is one other than the  petitioner, all known creditors, and all known heirs of the deceased, if the deceased is intestate, and devisees of the deceased, if the deceased is testate, shall be made parties to the special proceeding. If the personal representative of the deceased is aware of a creditor, heir, or devisee who should have been made a respondent but was not, then the personal representative shall file a motion to add the creditor, heir, or devisee as a necessary party, and the court shall order such other party to appear in the proceeding.
"§ 30‑29.  What  petition must show.
In the  petition the  petitioner shall set forth, besides the facts entitling  petitioner to a year's support and the value of the support claimed, the further facts that the  personal estate of which the decedent died possessed exceeded twenty thousand dollars ($20,000), and also whether or not an allowance has been made to  petitioner and the nature and value thereof.
"§ 30‑30.  Judgment and order for commissioners.
 The clerk of superior court shall hear the matter and determine whether the petitioner is entitled to some or all of the relief sought and, if the clerk determines that the petitioner is so entitled, the clerk shall determine the money or other personal property of the estate and assign to the  petitioner a sufficiency thereof for  petitioner's  support for one year from the decedent's death. Any deficiency shall be made up from any of the personal property of the deceased, and if the personal property of the estate shall be insufficient for such support, the clerk of  superior court shall enter judgment against the personal representative for the amount of such deficiency, to be paid when a sufficiency of such assets shall come into  the personal representative's hands. Any judgment so rendered shall have the same priority over other debts and claims against the estate as an allowance assigned pursuant to G.S. 30‑15 or G.S. 30‑17.
"§ 30‑31.   Amount of allowance.
The clerk of superior court may assign to the  petitioner a value sufficient for the support of  petitioner according to the estate and condition of the decedent and without regard to the limitations set forth in this Chapter; but the value allowed shall be fixed with due consideration for other persons  entitled to allowances for year's support from the decedent's estate;  and the total value of all allowances shall not in any case exceed the one half of the average annual net income of the deceased for three years next preceding  the deceased's death. This report shall be returned by the magistrate to the court.
"§ 30‑31.1. Service of judgment and appeal.
The petitioner shall serve the clerk's judgment on all other parties. The judgment also shall be filed in the estate file of the deceased. Any aggrieved party may appeal the judgment in accordance with G.S. 1‑301.2.
"§ 30‑31.2. Execution.
If the clerk's judgment is not appealed as provided in G.S. 1‑301.2, execution shall issue to enforce the judgment as in like cases under Article 28 of Chapter 1 of the  General Statutes.
""
"
SECTION 8.  Chapter 31 of the General Statutes, as amended by Section 3 of this act, reads as rewritten:
"Chapter 31.
"Wills.
"Article 1.
"Execution of Will.
"§ 31‑1.  Who may make will.
Any person of sound mind, and 18 years of age or over, may make a will.
"§ 31‑2:  Repealed by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 1.
"§ 31‑3:  Rewritten and renumbered as G.S. 31‑3.1 to 31‑3.6 by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 2.
"§ 31‑3.1.  Will invalid unless statutory requirements complied with.
No will is valid unless it complies with the requirements prescribed therefor by this Article.
"§ 31‑3.2.  Kinds of wills.
(a)	Personal property may be bequeathed and real property may be devised by
(1)	An attested written will which complies with the requirements of G.S. 31‑3.3, or
(2)	A holographic will which complies with the requirements of G.S. 31‑3.4.
(b)	Personal property may also be bequeathed by a nuncupative will which complies with the requirements of G.S. 31‑3.5.
"§ 31‑3.3.  Attested written will.
(a)	An attested written will is a written will signed by the testator and attested by at least two competent witnesses as provided by this section.
(b)	The testator must, with intent to sign the will, do so by actually signing the will  or by having someone else in the testator's presence and at  the testator's direction sign the testator's name thereon.
(c)	The testator must signify to the attesting witnesses that the instrument is  the testator's instrument by signing it in their presence or by acknowledging to them  the testator's signature previously affixed thereto, either of which may be done before the attesting witnesses separately.
(d)	The attesting witnesses must sign the will in the presence of the testator but need not sign in the presence of each other.
"§ 31‑3.4.  Holographic will.
(a)	A holographic will is a will
(1)	Written entirely in the handwriting of the testator but when all the words appearing on a paper in the handwriting of the  testator are sufficient to constitute a valid holographic will, the fact that other words or printed matter appear thereon not in the handwriting of the testator, and not affecting the meaning of the words in such handwriting, shall not affect the validity of the will, and
(2)	Subscribed by the testator, or with  the testator's name written in or on the will in  the testator's own handwriting, and
(3)	Found after the testator's death among  the testator's valuable papers or effects, or in a safe‑deposit box or other safe place where it was deposited by  the testator or under  the testator's authority, or in the possession or custody of some person with whom, or some firm or corporation with which, it was deposited by the testator or under  the testator's authority for safekeeping.
(b)	No attesting witness to a holographic will is required.
"§ 31‑3.5.  Nuncupative will.
A nuncupative will is a will
(1)	Made orally by a person who is in  that person's last sickness or in imminent peril of death and who does not survive such sickness or imminent peril, and
(2)	Declared to be  that person's will before two competent witnesses simultaneously present at the making thereof and specially requested by  the person to bear witness thereto.
"§ 31‑3.6.  Seal not required.
A seal is not necessary to the validity of a will.
"§ 31‑4.  Execution of power of appointment by will.
No appointment, made by will in the exercise of any power, shall be valid unless the same be executed in the manner by law required for the execution of wills; and every will, executed in such manner, shall, so far as respects the execution and attestation thereof, be a valid execution of a power of appointment by will, notwithstanding it shall have been expressly required that a will made in exercise of such power should be executed with some additional or other form of execution or solemnity.
"§ 31‑4.1: Repealed by Session Laws 2010‑181, s. 1, effective July 1, 2010.
"§ 31‑4.2: Repealed by Session Laws 2010‑181, s. 2, effective July 1, 2010.
"Article 2.
"Revocation of Will.
"§ 31‑5:  Rewritten and renumbered as G.S. 31‑5.1 by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 3.
"§ 31‑5.1.  Revocation of written will.
A written will, or any part thereof, may be revoked only
(1)	By a subsequent written will or codicil or other revocatory writing executed in the manner provided herein for the execution of written wills, or
(2)	By being burnt, torn, canceled, obliterated, or destroyed, with the intent and for the purpose of revoking it, by the testator himself or by another person in  the testator's presence and by   the testator's direction.
"§ 31‑5.2.  Revocation of nuncupative will.
A nuncupative will or any part thereof may be revoked
(1)	By a subsequent nuncupative will, or
(2)	By a subsequent written will or codicil or other revocatory writing executed in the manner provided herein for the execution of written wills.
"§ 31‑5.3.  Will not revoked by marriage; dissent from will made prior to marriage.
A will is not revoked by a subsequent marriage of the maker; and the surviving spouse may petition for an elective share when there is a will made prior to the marriage in the same manner, upon the same conditions, and to the same extent, as a surviving spouse may petition for an elective share when there is a will made subsequent to marriage.
"§ 31‑5.4.  Revocation by divorce or annulment; revival.
Dissolution of marriage by absolute divorce or annulment after making a will does not revoke the will of any testator but, unless otherwise specifically provided in the will, it revokes all provisions in the will in favor of the testator's former spouse or purported former spouse, including, but not by way of limitation, any provision conferring a general or special power of appointment on the former spouse or purported former spouse and any appointment of the former spouse or purported former spouse as executor, trustee, conservator, or guardian. If provisions are revoked solely by this section, they are revived by the testator's remarriage to the former spouse or purported former spouse. 
"§ 31‑5.5.  After‑born or after‑adopted child; illegitimate child; effect on will.
(a)	A will shall not be revoked by the subsequent birth of a child to the testator, or by the subsequent adoption of a child by the testator, or by the subsequent entitlement of an after‑born illegitimate child to take as an heir of the testator pursuant to the provisions of G.S. 29‑19(b), but any after‑born, after‑adopted or entitled after‑born illegitimate child shall have the right to share in the testator's estate to the same extent  the after‑born, after‑adopted, or entitled after‑born illegitimate child would have shared if the testator had died intestate unless:
(1)	The testator made some provision in the will for the child, whether adequate or not;
(2)	It is apparent from the will itself that the testator intentionally did not make specific provision therein for the child;
(3)	The testator had children living when the will was executed, and none of the testator's children actually take under the will;
(4)	The surviving spouse receives all of the estate under the will; or
(5)	The testator made provision for the child that takes effect upon the death of the testator, whether adequate or not.
(b)	The provisions of G.S. 28A‑22‑2 shall be construed as being applicable to after‑adopted children and to after‑born children, whether legitimate or entitled illegitimate.
(c)	The terms "after‑born," "after‑adopted" and "entitled after‑born" as used in this section refer to children born, adopted or entitled subsequent to the execution of the will.
"§ 31‑5.6.  No revocation by subsequent conveyance.
No conveyance or other act made or done subsequently to the execution of a will of, or relating to, any real or personal estate therein comprised, except an act by which such will shall be duly revoked, shall prevent the operation of the will with respect to any estate or interest in such real or personal estate as the testator shall have power to dispose of by will at the time of  the testator's death.
"§ 31‑5.7.  Specific provisions for revocation exclusive; effect of changes in circumstances.
No will can be revoked in whole or in part by any act of the testator or by a change in  the testator's circumstances or condition except as provided by G.S. 31‑5.1 through 31‑5.6 inclusive.
"§ 31‑5.8.  Revival of revoked will.
No will or any part thereof that has been in any manner revoked can, except as provided in G.S. 31‑5.4, be revived otherwise than by a reexecution thereof, or by the execution of another will in which the revoked will or part thereof is incorporated by reference.
"§ 31‑6:  Renumbered as G.S. 31‑5.3 by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 5.
"§ 31‑7:  Repealed by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 9.
"§ 31‑8:  Renumbered as G.S. 31‑5.6 by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 8.
"Article 3. 
"Witnesses to Will. 
"§ 31‑8.1.  Who may witness.
Any person competent to be a witness generally in this State may act as a witness to a will.
"§ 31‑9.  Executor competent witness.
No person, on account of being an executor of a will, shall be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or to prove the validity or invalidity thereof.
"§ 31‑10.  Beneficiary competent witness; when interest rendered void.
(a)	A witness to an attested written or a nuncupative will, to whom or to whose spouse a beneficial interest in property, or a power of appointment with respect thereto, is given by the will, is nevertheless a competent witness to the will and is competent to prove the execution or validity thereof. However, if there are not at least two other witnesses to the will who are disinterested, the interested witness and  the interested witness' spouse and anyone claiming under  the interested witness shall take nothing under the will, and so far only as their interests are concerned the will is void.
(b)	A beneficiary under a holographic will may testify to such competent, relevant and material facts as tend to establish such holographic will as a valid will without rendering void the benefits to be received by  the beneficiary thereunder.
"§ 31‑10.1.  Corporate trustee not disqualified by witnessing of will by stockholder.
A corporation named as a trustee in a will is not disqualified to act as trustee by reason of the fact that a person owning stock in the corporation signed the will as a witness.
"Article 4. 
"Depository for Wills. 
"§ 31‑11.  Depositories in offices of clerks of superior court where living persons may file wills.
The clerk of the superior court in each county of North Carolina shall be required to keep a receptacle or depository in which any person who desires to do so may file  that person's will for safekeeping; and the clerk shall, upon written request of the testator, or the duly authorized agent or attorney for the testator, permit said will or testament to be withdrawn from said depository or receptacle at any time prior to the death of the testator: Provided, that the contents of said will shall not be made public or open to the inspection of anyone other than the testator or  the testator's duly authorized agent until such time as the said will shall be offered for probate.
"§§ 31‑11.1 through 31‑11.5.  Reserved for future codification purposes.
"Article 4A.
"Self‑Proved Wills.
"§ 31‑11.6.  How attested wills may be made self‑proved.
(a)	Any will may be simultaneously executed, attested, and made self‑proved, by acknowledgment thereof by the testator and affidavits of the witnesses, each made before an officer authorized to administer oaths under the laws of the state where execution occurs and evidenced by the officer's certificate, under official seal, in substantially the following form:
"I, ________, the testator, sign my name to this instrument this ____ day of ______, ____ and being first duly sworn, do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that I sign and execute this instrument as my last will and that I sign it willingly (or willingly direct another to sign for me), that I execute it as my free and voluntary act for the purposes therein expressed, and that I am eighteen years of age or older, of sound mind, and under no constraint or undue influence.
_________________________________________
Testator
We ________, ________, the witnesses, sign our names to this instrument, being first duly sworn, and do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that the testator signs and executes this instrument as his last will and that he signs it willingly (or willingly directs another to sign for him), and that each of us, in the presence and hearing of the testator, hereby signs this will as witness to the testator's signing, and to the best of our knowledge the testator is eighteen years of age or older, of sound mind, and under no constraint or undue influence.
___________________________________
Witness
____________________________________
Witness
THE STATE OF ______.
COUNTY OF ______.
Subscribed, sworn to and acknowledged before me by ________. the testator and subscribed and sworn to before me by ________ and ________, witnesses, this ____ day of ________
(SEAL)
(SIGNED) __________________________
(OFFICIAL CAPACITY OF OFFICER)"

(b)	An attested written will executed as provided by G.S. 31‑3.3 may at any time subsequent to its execution be made self‑proved, by the acknowledgment thereof by the testator and the affidavits of the attesting witnesses, each made before an officer authorized to administer oaths under the laws of this State, and evidenced by the officer's certificate, under official seal, attached or annexed to the will in form and content substantially as follows:

"STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
"COUNTY/CITY OF ________
"Before me, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared ________, and ________, known to me to be the testator and the witnesses, respectively, whose names are signed to the attached or foregoing instrument and, all of these persons being by me first duly sworn. The testator, declared to me and to the witnesses in my presence: That said instrument is his last will; that he had willingly signed or directed another to sign the same for him, and executed it in the presence of said witnesses as his free and voluntary act for the purposes therein expressed; or, that the testator signified that the instrument was his instrument by acknowledging to them his signature previously affixed thereto.
The said witnesses stated before me that the foregoing will was executed and acknowledged by the testator as his last will in the presence of said witnesses who, in his presence and at his request, subscribed their names thereto as attesting witnesses and that the testator, at the time of the execution of said will, was over the age of 18 years and of sound and disposing mind and memory.
_________________________
Testator
__________________________
Witness
___________________________
Witness
____________________________
Witness
Subscribed, sworn and acknowledged before me by ________, the testator, subscribed and sworn before me by ________, ________ and ________ witnesses, this ____ day of ______, A.D. ____
(SEAL)
(SIGNED) _________________________________________

(OFFICIAL CAPACITY OF OFFICER)"

(c)	The sworn statement of any such witnesses taken as herein provided shall be accepted by the court as if it had been taken before such court.
"Article 5.
"Probate of Will.
"§§ 31‑12 through 31‑31.2:  Recodified as Article 2A of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes by Section 3 of this act.
"Article 6. 
"Caveat to Will. 
"§ 31‑32.   Filing of caveat.
(a)	At the time of application for probate of any will, and the probate thereof in common form, or at any time within three years thereafter, any  party interested in the  estate, may appear in person or by attorney before the clerk of the superior court and enter a caveat to the probate of such  will; provided, that if any person entitled to file a caveat be within the age of 18 years, or incompetent as defined in G.S. 35A‑1101(7) or (8), then such person may file a caveat within three years after the removal of such disability.

(b)	The caveat shall be filed in the decedent's estate file. The clerk of superior court shall give notice of the filing by making an entry upon the page of the will book where the will is recorded, evidencing that the caveat has been filed and giving the date of such filing.
(c)	If a will has been probated in solemn form pursuant to G.S. 28A‑2A‑7, any party who was properly served in that probate in solemn form shall be barred from filing a caveat.
"§ 31‑33.   Cause transferred to trial docket.

(a) Upon the filing of a caveat, the clerk shall transfer the cause to the superior court for  trial by jury. The caveat shall be served upon all interested parties in accordance with G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4 of the Rules of Civil Procedure. 
(b)	After service under subsection (a) of this section, the caveator shall cause notice of  a hearing to align the parties to be served upon all parties in accordance with G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 5 of the Rules of Civil Procedure. At the alignment hearing, all of the interested parties who wish to be aligned as parties shall appear and be aligned by the court as parties with the caveators or  parties with the propounders of the  will. If an interested party does not appear to be aligned or chooses not to be aligned, the judge shall dismiss that interested party from the proceeding, but that party shall be bound by the proceeding.
(c)	Within 30 days following the entry of an order aligning the parties, any interested party who was aligned may file a responsive pleading to the caveat, provided, however, that failure to respond to any averment or claim of the caveat shall not be deemed an admission of that averment or claim. An extension of time to file a responsive pleading to the caveat may be granted as provided by G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 6 of the Rules of Civil Procedure.
(d)	Upon motion of an aligned party, the court may require a caveator to provide security in such sum as the court deems proper, for the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by the estate if the estate is found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained. The court may consider relevant facts related to whether a bond should be required and the amount of any such bond, including, but not limited to, (i) whether the estate may suffer irreparable injury, loss, or damage as a result of the caveat and (ii) whether the caveat has substantial merit. Provisions for bringing suit in forma pauperis apply to the provisions of this subsection.
""§ 31‑35.  Affidavit of witness as evidence.
Whenever the subscribing witness to any will shall die, or be  mentally incompetent, or be absent beyond the State, it shall be competent upon any issue of devisavit vel non to give in evidence the affidavits and proofs taken by the clerk upon admitting the will to probate in common form, and such affidavit and proceedings before the clerk shall be prima facie evidence of the due and legal execution of said will.
"§ 31‑36.  Effect of caveat on estate administration.
(a)	Order of Clerk. – Where a caveat is  filed, the clerk of the superior court shall forthwith issue an order that shall apply during the pendency of the caveat to any personal representative, having the estate in charge, as follows:
(1)	Distributions to beneficiaries. – That there shall be no distributions of assets of the estate to any beneficiary;
(2)	Commissions. – That no commissions shall be advanced or awarded to any personal representative;
(3)	Accountings. – That the personal representative shall file all accountings required by the clerk of superior court and that the personal representative may pay any applicable filing fees associated with those accountings from the assets of the estate;
(4)	Preservation of estate assets. – That the personal representative shall preserve the property of the estate and that the personal representative is authorized to pursue and prosecute claims that the estate may have against others; and
(5)	Taxes, claims and debts of estate. – That the personal representative may file all appropriate tax returns and that the personal representative may pay, in accordance with the procedures of subsection (b) of this section: taxes; funeral expenses of the decedent; debts that are a lien upon the property of the decedent; bills of the decedent accrued before death; claims against the estate that are timely filed; professional fees related to administration of the estate, including fees for tax return preparation, appraisal fees, and attorneys' fees for estate administration.
(b)	Procedures. – In regard to payment of any of the items listed in subdivision (5) of subsection (a) of this section, the personal representative shall file with the clerk a notice of the personal representative's intent to pay those items and shall serve the notice upon all parties to the caveat, pursuant to G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4 of the Rules of Civil Procedure. If within 10 days of service any party files with the clerk a written objection to that payment, the clerk shall schedule a hearing and determine whether the proposed payment shall be made. If no such objection is filed with the clerk, the clerk may approve the payment without hearing, and upon that approval, the personal representative may make the payment. The parties to the caveat may consent to any such payment, and upon such consent, the clerk may approve the payment without hearing. The clerk may defer ruling on the payment pending the resolution of the caveat.
(c)	Preservation of Estate Assets. – Questions regarding the use, location, and disposition of assets that cannot be resolved by the parties and consented to by the clerk shall be decided by the clerk. When a question has not been resolved by agreement, either party may request a hearing before the clerk upon 10 days notice and shall serve the notice upon all parties to the caveat, pursuant to G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 4 of the Rules of Civil Procedure. Decisions of the clerk may be appealed to the superior  court pursuant to G.S. 1‑301.3.
""§ 31‑37.1.  Settlement agreement; filing of judgment.
(a)	Prior to an entry of judgment by the superior court in a caveat proceeding, the parties may enter into a settlement agreement,  which must be approved by the superior court. Upon approval of a settlement agreement, the court shall enter judgment, without a verdict by a jury, in accordance with the terms of the settlement agreement. The consent of interested parties who are not aligned as parties pursuant to G.S. 31‑33 is not necessary for a settlement agreement under this section.
(b)	When judgment is entered by the superior court in a caveat proceeding, the clerk of superior court shall file a copy of the judgment in the estate file and shall make entry upon the page of the will book where such will is recorded to the effect that final judgment has been entered, either sustaining or setting aside the  will.
"Article 7.
"Construction of Will.
"§ 31‑38.  Devise presumed to be in fee.
When real estate shall be devised to any person, the same shall be held and construed to be a devise in fee simple, unless such devise shall, in plain and express words, show, or it shall be plainly intended by the will, or some part thereof, that the testator intended to convey an estate of less dignity.
"§ 31‑39.  Probate necessary to pass title; recordation in county where land lies; rights of innocent purchasers.
No will shall be effectual to pass real or personal estate unless it shall have been duly proved and allowed in the probate court of the proper county, and a duly certified copy thereof shall be recorded in the office of the superior court clerk of the county wherein the land is situate, and the probate of a will devising real estate shall be conclusive as to the execution thereof against the heirs and devisees of the testator, whenever the probate thereof under the like cirumstances, would be conclusive against the next of kin and legatees of the testator: Provided, that the probate and registration  of any will shall not affect the rights of innocent purchasers for value from the heirs at law of the testator when such purchase is made more than two years after the death of such testator or when such purchase is made after the filing of the final account by the duly authorized administrator of the decedent and the approval thereof by the clerk of the superior court having jurisdiction of the estate. Such conveyances, if made before the expiration of the time required by this section to have elapsed in order for same to be valid against  the heirs and devisees of the testator, shall, upon the expiration of  such time, become good and valid to the same effect as if made after the expiration of such time, unless in the meantime a proceeding shall have been instituted in the proper court to probate the will of the testator.
"§ 31‑40.  What property passes by will.
Any testator, by  the testator's will duly executed, may devise, bequeath, or dispose of all real and personal estate which  the testator shall be entitled to at the time of  the testator's death, and which, if not so devised, bequeathed, or disposed of, would descend or devolve upon  the testator's heirs at law, or upon  the testator's executor or administrator; and the power hereby given shall extend to all contingent, executory, or other future interest in any real or personal estate, whether the testator may or may not be the person or one of the persons in whom the same may become vested, or whether  the testator may be entitled thereto under the instrument by which the same was created, or under any disposition thereof by deed or will; and also to all rights of entry for conditions broken, whether any such condition has or has not been broken at the testator's death, all other rights of entry, and possibilities of reverter; and also to such of the same estates, interests, and rights respectively, and other real and personal estate, as the testator may be entitled to at the time of  the testator's death, notwithstanding that  the testator may become entitled to the same subsequently to the execution of  the testator's will.
"§ 31‑41.  Will relates to death of testator.
Every will shall be construed, with reference to the real and personal estate comprised therein, to speak and take effect as if it had been executed immediately before the death of the testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.
"§ 31‑42.  Failure of devises by lapse or otherwise;  renunciation; 120‑hour survivorship requirement, revised simultaneous death act, Article 24, Chapter 28A.
(a)	Unless the will indicates a contrary intent, if a devisee predeceases the testator, whether before or after the execution of the will, and if the devisee is a grandparent of or a descendant of a grandparent of the testator, then the issue of the predeceased devisee shall take in place of the deceased devisee. The devisee's issue shall take the deceased devisee's share in the same manner that the issue would take as heirs of the deceased devisee under the intestacy provisions in effect at the time of the testator's death. The provisions of this section apply whether the devise is to an individual, to a class, or is a residuary devise. In the case of the class devise, the issue shall take whatever share the deceased devisee would have taken had the devisee survived the testator; in the event the deceased class member leaves no issue, the devisee's share shall devolve upon the members of the class who survived the testator and the issue of any deceased members taking by substitution.
(b)	Unless the will indicates a contrary intent, if the provisions of subsection (a) of this section do not apply to a devise to a devisee who predeceases the testator, or if a devise otherwise fails, the property shall pass to the residuary devisee or devisees in proportion to their share of the residue. If the devise is a residuary devise, it shall augment the shares of the other residuary devisees, including the shares of any substitute takers under subsection (a) of this section. If there are no residuary devisees, then the property shall pass by intestacy.
(c)	Renunciation of a devise is as provided for in Chapter 31B of the General Statutes.
(c1)	The determination of whether a devisee has predeceased the testator shall be made as provided by Article 24 of Chapter 28A of the General Statutes.
(d)	As used in this section, "devisee" means any person entitled to take real or personal property under the provisions of a will.
"§§ 31‑42.1 through 31‑42.2.  Repealed by Session Laws 1965, c. 938, s. 2.
"§ 31‑43.  General gift by will an execution of power of appointment.
A general devise of the real estate of the testator, or of  the testator's real estate in any place or in the occupation of any person mentioned in the will, or otherwise described in a general manner, shall be construed to include any real estate, or any real estate to which such description shall extend, as the case may be, which  the testator may have power to appoint in any manner  the testator may think proper; and shall operate as an execution of such power, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will; and in like manner a bequest of the personal estate of the testator, or any bequest of personal property, described in a general manner, shall be construed to include any personal estate, or any personal estate to which such description shall extend, as the case may be, which  testator may have power to appoint in any manner  the testator may think proper, and shall operate as an execution of such power, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.
"§ 31‑44.  Repealed by Session Laws 1951, c. 762, s. 2.
"§ 31‑45:  Rewritten and renumbered as G.S. 31‑5.5 by Session Laws 1953, c. 1098, s. 7.
"§ 31‑46.  Validity of will; which laws govern.
A will is valid if it meets the requirements of the applicable provisions of law in effect in this State either at the time of its execution or at the time of the death of the testator.
"§ 31‑46.1.  Construction of certain formula clauses applicable to estates of decedents dying in calendar year 2010.
(a)	Purpose. – The federal estate tax and generation‑skipping transfer tax expired January 1, 2010, for one year. To carry out the intent of decedents in the construction of wills and trusts and to promote judicial economy in the administration of trusts and estates, this section construes certain formula clauses that reference federal estate and generation‑skipping transfer tax laws and that are used in wills or codicils of decedents who die in or before calendar year 2010.
(b)	Applicability. – This section applies to the following:
(1)	To a will or codicil executed by a decedent before December 31, 2009, that contains a formula provision described in subsection (c) of this section if the decedent dies after December 31, 2009, and before the earlier of January 1, 2011, and the effective date of the reinstatement of the federal estate tax and generation‑skipping transfer tax, unless the will or codicil clearly manifests an intent that a rule contrary to the rule of construction described in subsection (c) of this section applies.
(2)	To the terms of a will or codicil executed by a decedent who dies before December 31, 2009, providing for a disposition of property that contains a formula provision described in subsection (c) of this section and occurs as a result of the death of another individual who dies after December 31, 2009, and before the earlier of January 1, 2011, and the effective date of the reinstatement of the federal estate tax and generation‑skipping transfer tax, unless the terms of the will or codicil clearly manifests an intent that a rule contrary to the rule of construction described in subsection (c) of this section applies.
(c)	Construction. – A will or codicil subject to this section is considered to refer to the federal estate and generation‑skipping transfer tax laws as they applied with respect to estates of decedents dying on December 31, 2009, if the will or codicil contains a formula that meets one or more of the following conditions:
(1)	The formula refers to any of the following: "applicable credit amount," "applicable exclusion amount," "applicable exemption amount," "applicable fraction," "estate tax exemption," "generation‑skipping transfer tax exemption," "GST exemption," "inclusion ratio," "marital deduction," "maximum marital deduction," "unified credit," or "unlimited marital deduction."
(2)	The formula measures a share of an estate or trust based on the amount that can pass free of federal estate taxes or the amount that can pass free of federal generation‑skipping transfer taxes.
(3)	The formula is otherwise based on a provision of federal estate tax or federal generation‑skipping transfer tax law similar to the provisions in subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection.
(d)	Judicial Determination. –  The personal representative or an affected beneficiary under a will or testamentary trust may bring an action in the superior court division of the General Court of Justice under Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes, and the trustee of a trust created under the will or an affected beneficiary under the trust may bring a proceeding as permitted under Article 2 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes to determine whether the decedent intended that the references under subsection (c) of this section be construed with respect to the federal law as it existed after December 31, 2009. The action must be commenced within 12 months following the death of the decedent.
"Article 8.
"Testamentary Additions to Trusts.
"§ 31‑47.  Testamentary additions to trusts.
(a)	A will may validly devise property to:
(1)	The trustee of a trust established before the testator's death by the testator, by the testator and some other person, or by some other person, including a trust authorized by G.S. 36C‑4‑401.1; or
(2)	The trustee of a trust to be established at the testator's death, if the trust is identified in the testator's will and its terms are set forth in a written instrument executed before or concurrently with the execution of the testator's will, regardless of the existence, size, or character of the corpus of the trust during the testator's lifetime.
The devise is not invalid because the trust is amendable or revocable, or because the trust instrument or any amendment thereto was not executed in the manner required for wills, or because the trust was amended after the execution of the testator's will or after the testator's death. A revocable trust to which property is first transferred under subdivision (2) of this subsection is an inter vivos trust and not a testamentary trust and, as of the date of the execution of the trust instrument, is subject to Article 6 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes.
(b)	Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, property devised to the trustee of a trust described in subsection (a) of this section is not held under a testamentary trust of the testator, but it becomes a part of the trust to which it is devised, and shall be administered and disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the governing instrument setting forth the terms of the trust, including any amendments thereto made before or after the testator's death.
(c)	Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, a revocation or termination of the trust before the testator's death causes the devise to lapse.
(d)	A devise to a trust shall be construed as a devise to the trustee of that trust.
(e)	For purposes of this section, "devise," when used as a noun, means a testamentary disposition of real or personal property and, when used as a verb, means to dispose of real or personal property by will.
(f)	Nothing in this section alters, amends, or in any manner affects the application of the doctrine of acts of independent significance.
"Article 9.
"Incorporation by Reference; Acts of Independent Significance.
"§ 31‑51.  Incorporation by reference.
A writing in existence when a will is executed may be incorporated by reference if the language of the will manifests this intent and describes the writing sufficiently to permit its identification.
"§ 31‑52.  Acts and events of independent significance.
A will may dispose of property by reference to acts and events that have significance apart from their effect upon the disposition made by the will, whether they occur before or after the execution of the will or before or after the testator's death. These acts and events may include the execution or revocation of another individual's will and the safekeeping of items in a secured depository.
SECTION 9.  Chapter 31A of the General Statutes is amended by adding a new section to read:
"§ 31A‑16.  Controversies under this Chapter.
Any controversies arising under this Chapter shall be determined as estate proceedings under G.S. 28A‑2‑4, but nothing in this Chapter shall affect the right of a person to file an action for declaratory relief under Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes."
SECTION 10.  G.S. 31B‑1.2 reads as rewritten:
"§ 31B‑1.2.  Right of fiduciary to institute a proceeding for review of renunciation.
(a)	Prior to renouncing, if a fiduciary so elects, the fiduciary may institute a proceeding by petition before the clerk of court for a determination as to whether a renunciation would be compatible with the fiduciary's duties.  In the case of a trustee, commencement of the proceeding, jurisdiction, venue, parties, representation, and notice shall be governed by Chapter 36C of the General Statutes. In the case of a personal representative, commencement of the proceeding, jurisdiction, venue, parties, representation, and notice shall be governed by Chapter 28A of the General Statutes. In addition to any other notice requirements, notice of the proceeding shall be given to all persons entitled to delivery of a copy of an instrument of renunciation under G.S. 31B‑2.1.
(b)	After renouncing, if a fiduciary so elects, the fiduciary has a right to institute a declaratory judgment action pursuant to Article 26 of Chapter 1 of the General Statutes for a determination as to whether the renunciation is compatible with the fiduciary's duties. In addition to any other notice requirements, notice of the action shall be given to all persons entitled to delivery of a copy of an instrument of renunciation under G.S. 31B‑2.1.
(c)	A proceeding or action instituted under this section shall comply with all of the following:
(1)	The petition or complaint shall state the basis for the fiduciary's allegation that the renunciation is compatible with the fiduciary's duties, considering among other things the intended purposes of the trust or other instrument and the impact of the renunciation on beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries. A petition or complaint filed by a trustee of a charitable trust shall contain a statement that a copy of the petition or complaint is being provided to the Attorney General.
(2)	After considering among other things the intended purposes of the trust or other instrument and the impact of the renunciation on beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries, the court shall enter an order stating the court's determination as to whether the renunciation is compatible with the fiduciary's duties.
(d)	The effectiveness of a renunciation is not affected by a determination under this section that the renunciation is not compatible with a fiduciary's duties."
SECTION 11.  G.S. 32A‑20(b) reads as rewritten:
"(b)	Except for purposes of exercising authority granted by a health care power of attorney with respect to anatomical gifts, autopsy, or disposition of remains as provided in G.S. 32A‑19(b), a health care power of attorney is revoked by the death of the principal. A health care power of attorney may be revoked by the principal at any time, so long as the principal is capable of making and communicating health care decisions. The principal may exercise this right of revocation by executing and acknowledging an instrument of revocation, by executing and acknowledging a subsequent health care power of attorney, or in any other manner by which the principal is able to communicate an intent to revoke. This revocation becomes effective only upon communication by the principal to each health care agent named in the revoked health care power of attorney and to the principal's attending physician or eligible psychologist. For purposes of exercising authority described in G.S. 32A‑19(b), however, a health care power of attorney shall be effective following the death of the principal without regard to the principal's understanding or capacity when the principal was living."
SECTION 12.  G.S. 36C‑2‑205(d) reads as rewritten:
"(d)	Extensions of Time. – The clerk of superior court, for cause shown at any time in the clerk's discretion, with or without motion or notice, may enter an order enlarging the period of time within which an act is required or permitted by this Article, by any applicable Rules of Civil Procedure or by order of the court, if the request is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed, but not to exceed 10 days,  except to the extent that the court finds the justice requires that the time be enlarged for a period of greater than 10 days. Upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period, the clerk of superior court may permit the act where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, the parties to a proceeding may enter into binding stipulations, without approval of the clerk of superior court, enlarging the time within which an act is required or permitted by this Article, by any applicable Rules of Civil Procedure or by order of the court, not to exceed 30 days."
SECTION 13.  G.S. 36C‑2‑205(e) reads as rewritten:
"(e)	Rules of Civil Procedure. – Unless the clerk of superior court otherwise directs, G.S. 1A‑1, Rules 4, 5, 6(a), 6(d), 6(e), 18, 19, 20, 21, 24,  45, 56, and 65 of the Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply to trust proceedings. Upon motion of a party or the clerk of superior court, the clerk may further direct that any or all of the  remaining Rules of Civil Procedure, shall  apply, including, without limitation, discovery rules; however, nothing in Rule 17 requires the appointment of a guardian ad litem for a party represented except as provided under  G.S. 36C‑2‑206. In applying these Rules to a trust proceeding pending before the clerk of superior court, the term "judge" shall be construed as "clerk of superior court."
SECTION 14.  G.S. 36C‑6‑604 reads as rewritten:
"§ 36C‑6‑604.  Limitation on action contesting validity of revocable trust; distribution of trust property.
(a)	A person may commence a judicial proceeding to contest the validity of a trust that was revocable at the settlor's death within the earlier of:
(1)	Three years after the settlor's death; or
(2)	120 days after the trustee sent the person a copy of the trust instrument and  written notice pursuant to G.S. 1A‑1, Rule 14 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, informing the person of the trust's existence, of the trustee's name and address, and of the time allowed for commencing a proceeding.
(b)	Upon the death of the settlor of a trust that was revocable at the settlor's death, the trustee may proceed to distribute the trust property in accordance with the terms of the trust. The trustee is not subject to liability for doing so unless:
(1)	The trustee knows of a pending judicial proceeding contesting the validity of the trust; or
(2)	A potential contestant has notified the trustee of a possible judicial proceeding to contest the trust, and a judicial proceeding is commenced within 60 days after the contestant sent the notification.
(c)	A beneficiary of a trust that is determined to have been invalid is liable to return any distribution received."
SECTION 15.  This act becomes effective January 1, 2012, and applies to estates of decedents dying on or after that date.